摘要:

Abstract1Since the early 1950s, when the British swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon britannicus) became extinct at Wicken Fen, this subspecies has been confined to marshes around the Norfolk Broads. Here too, however, its abundance appears to be declining.2The ecology of the butterfly has been studied in Norfolk and at Wicken (by small‐scale introductions) and the main factors determining its abundance are described.3A morphometric study of museum specimens has shown that populations of the butterfly in Norfolk and at Wicken differed in a number of size and shape characters. These differences were most marked between 1890 and 1920, but subsequently were almost lost.4Studies of the status and performance of the butterfly's food plant,Peucedanum palustrehave shown that it is smaller, produces less seed, and is shorter‐lived at Wicken than in Norfolk.5In the light of these findings, the possibility of successfully re‐establishing the butterfly at Wicken, and the possible causes of the decline of the species in Norfolk are disc

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01207.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1Laboratory experiments are described which give the efficiency ofAnthocoris nemorumin capturing its aphid preyAcyrthosiphon pisum.The efficiency of capture increases as the predator‐prey size ratio increases. The relationship holds through all the anthocorid developmental stages.2Aphid escape reactions are made up of three basic components; kicking, walking or dropping off the plant. These reactions are all related to the predator‐prey size ratio. Kicking is most successful at small ratios while dropping is most successful at high ratios. Walking occupies an intermediate position but has a generally lower probability of succ

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1A cloth cage with collecting bottles is described for trapping adult insects emerging from beneath tree bark in low densities.2The traps had little effect on temperature, although fluctuations tended to be slightly damped. They probably delayed emergence of adult codling moth,Cydia pomonellaby a day or two only.3In a test of trap efficiency, all codling moths which developed to the adult stage inside the traps were recorded in the collecting bottles; a few larvae remained in diapause, and the proportion of these was greater in the traps than in an outdoor insectary, so that traps tend to provide a slight underestimate of adult numbers.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01209.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1Adults and nymphs ofSogatella furciferaandNilaparvata lugensare serious pests of growing rice in Japan. They appear in June and July but their origin was unknown. Inflow of warm and humid air from the south was shown to favour the appearance of planthoppers. The air inflow was associated with the passage of depressions along the frontal zone, called Bai‐u in the Far East.2Immigrations were categorized as mass or minor according to the density of immigrants surveyed by various traps. The mass immigrations were induced by the passage of depressions which emerged in the central part of the Chinese continent between 25 °N and 35 °N and proceeded eastwards between the observation point and about 600 km north. Warm and humid south west winds blew, on average, for 19.3 h at an average wind speed of 32.9 km/h. When the route digressed a little north or south, minor immigrations, with onlyS.furciferain half the cases, occurred.3Minor immigration types were categorized into a long‐lasting type which appeared in the final stage of the rainy season, a mass immigration typemodified by the location of a typhoon in the south, and a minor type near the frontal line occurring without the passage of recognizable depressions.4The greatest aerial densities of immigrants were estimated as three to seven per 103m3inS.furciferaand one to two per 103m3inN.Iugens.Female immigrants were mostly unmated.5All the depressions that appeared in June and July 1967–72 were analysed and twenty‐nine (76.3%) out of thirty‐eight originating in the central part of the Chinese continent, caused immigrations. Yearly fluctuations of planthopper infestations in Japan were shown to depend on the yearly fluctuations of the route of depressions associated with the migration of the p

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01210.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1Microctonus caudatusparasitizes the adults ofHarpalus rufipes.It is bivoltine, and its summer generation occurred in up to 27% of the study population ofH.rufipes.The mean level of parasitism throughout both 1973 and 1974 was 8.4%.2Many larvae ofM.caudatusare found in one host; the maximum number was 92, mean 20.8. There was indirect evidence of competition between larvae within the host, so that about sixty larvae, at most, were able to develop fully.3Larvae of the summer generation ofM.caudatusemerged from host beetles between the end of July and mid September, invariably killing their host. The larvae pupated in the soil and adult parasites emerged from the pupal cocoons about 14 days later.4M.caudatusis parthenogenetic, and individuals oviposited readily in adult beetles in the laboratory. A culture of the parasite was maintained for almost a year at 15°C under artificial light of natural outdoor daylength, when four generations developed in the year. Time taken for development within the host was longest under short day conditions

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1Methods for rearingStaphylinus olens(Müller) (Col., Staphylinidae) are described, and development compared with other species of Coleoptera.2The distribution ofS.olensover an area of Manchester is noted, and biological comparisons made with a laboratory population from South Wales. In the area sampled, most individuals live on well‐drained soils, possibly because successful pupation occurs under dry conditions.3‘Courtship’ and mating are described.4Egg‐laying, the egg, and its hatching are described, and compared with other coleopteran eggs.5Headwidths of laboratory larvae were recorded, and are compared with those of other beetle larvae.6Instars I and II lasted 44–45 days, although first instar larvae which eventually pupated had a mean duration of 33.5 days. Instar III averaged 102 days, but this time became shorter with later hatching, roughly synchronizing adult emergence.7Pupation and the obtect pupa are described. Pupal development took 32–37 days, after a 10–14 day prepupation period.8Newly emerged adults may construct winter burrows after autumn breeding. Second season adults may not hibernate, and often fail to survive another winter.9Food is manipulated by mandibles and legs, but no solids are consumed. Adults and larvae will eat m

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1Rearing records of fourteen species of Braconidae and thirteen species of Ichneumonidae from leaf‐mining insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera are presented.2Braconidae are more abundant and specialized than Ichneumonidae in the parasite faunas of leafminers on both deciduous trees and low‐growing plants.3Although seldom comprising a major element in the parasite complex on deciduous trees, Braconidae are sometimes numerically the dominant parasites on low‐growing plants.4Apanteles circumscriptusassociated with Fagaceae is shown to reproduce thelytok

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1The combination of cryptic and pseudaposematic patterns on the underside of the wings of the generaCaligoandEryphanisis discussed.2It is suggested that in nature the false warning patterns resemble the profiles of amphibian and reptilian heads.3The possible protective value of these devices is discussed.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1The paper describes the behavioural interactions between searching larvae ofAdalia bipunctataand its aphid and cicadellid prey on lime (Tilia×vulgarisHayne).2The frequency with which the predator achieves contact with cicadellid nymphs of differing ages is related to direction of predator approach and predator perception by the cicadellid.3The success of a coccinellid in contacting and capturing its aphid prey is related to the predator's size and direction of approach, the perception of the predator by an aphid and the latter's ability to escape, the effectiveness of which is discussed

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Bumblebees.By D. V. AlfordStick and Leaf Insects.By J. T. ClarkThe World of the Honeybee.By ColinG. Butler. Third editionThe Biology of Tribolium with Special Emphasis on Genetic Aspects.By A. SokoloffThe Use of Genetics in Insect Control.Edited by R. Paland M. J. Whitten

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1976.tb01216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY