摘要:

Summary.1.P.spwnariusnymphs selected young, upper leaves ofXanthium strumariumplants, which have a relatively high amino acid concentration in the xylem sap.2. Nymphs selected or rejected a host leaf as a feeding site after a test ingestion of plant sap.3. Nymphs fed on detached leaves kept with their petioles in a solution of amino acids, in preference to leaves with petioles in a solution containing no amino acids.4. Nymphs caged on leaves with relatively high amino acid concentrations in the xylem sap suffered a lower mortality after 7 days than nymphs caged on leaves with low amino acid concentrations in the xylem sap.5. Mean excretory rate increased with the increase in the amino acid concentration in the xylem sap for third and fourth instar nymphs, and adults, but not in fifth instars.

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00889.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. The flight capacity of the summer (non‐diapausing) and the winter (diapausing) females ofA.brassicaewas assessed in terms of the climbing flight directed phototactically toward an overhead source of light in a laboratory flight chamber.2. The summer morph took off only when prodded and its flight bouts were much briefer than those of the winter morph.3. Immediately on take‐off, the summer morph sank in flight and was negatively phototactic in the horizontal plane whereas the winter morph climbed on take‐off, being positively phototactic both vertically and horizontally.4. Three phases of behaviour during flight were observed in the winter morph: a short period of widely fluctuating rate of climb, a long ‘cruising’ phase of steady climbing, and a final erratic phase when the rate of climb had fallen to and below zero.5. In general, the mean rate of climb was significantly higher on re‐take‐off after a landing than immediately befor

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00890.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. Aggregation in the lime aphid is influenced by the newly‐born nymphs staying close to their mother.2. The aggregations are brought about by gregariousness between the first instar nymphs and their reluctance to move far from their birthplace.3. As the nymphs mature they become more wide‐ranging and leave the aggregation. Dispersal is also promoted by a lack of gregariousness between different instars.4. Such aggregations remain intact only as long as the adult continues to reproduce the relatively sedentary first instars.5. The significance of this behaviour in the spacing of the lime aphid is discus

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00891.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. Several slightly different models of traps of triangular cross‐section, each containing (E)‐10‐dodecenyl acetate as a lure, were compared for effectiveness for trapping male pea moths.2. Catches did not increase when the sticky surface was greater than 180 cm2.3. Sticky surfaces placed in a basal position were the most effective.4. Traps that were self‐aligning in the wind were no more effective than static traps.5. Dispensers of different sizes but containing the same amount of attractant had no effect on the numbers caught. The patterns of smoke plumes dispensed from the traps suggested an explanation f

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00892.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. Four species of Molossidae occur in Malaysia (Cheiromeles torquatusand threeTadaridaspecies) and from these, six species of potentially ectoparasitic insect have been recorded (two Etermaptera: Arixeniina; two Hemiptera: Cimicidae; two Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae).2. The two Arixeniina,Arixenia esauandXeniaria jacobsoniare obligatorily associated withC. torquatusand only accidentally withTadaridaspecies with whichC. torquatusoften roosts. The nature of this association is presumed to be mutualistic and its origins are discussed.3.A.esaucan occur in great numbers in association withC.torquatus.It is primarily a roost dweller and is seldom found upon flying bats, although it is in this way that transference to new roosts must occur. It feeds mainly upon body exudates and skin debris from its hairless host. Aspects of its biology are discussed.4.Arixeniaspecies are usually found together withXeniariaspecies but always greatly outnumber them. Differences betweenA.esauandX.jacobsoniare discussed.5. The remaining four species of insect all feed upon blood and are truly parasitic, both species of bedbug and one flea being associated withC. torquatusand the other flea withTadaridaspecies.A.esauacts as a phoretic host for the flea host‐specific toC. torquatus. Lagaropsylla turba.Otherwise no interactions were noted amongst the six insect

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00893.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.(1) The spatial distribution pattern of herbivory by phyllophagous canopy arthropods in a 90‐year‐old beech stand was analysed.(2) Two main patterns of spatial distribution were recorded. The leaf mining mothsPhyllonorycter maestingellaandStigmella hemargyrellaand the adult weevilsRhynchaenus fagiandPhyllobius argentatusmainly attacked the under‐story and the latter species especially the low canopy in the central part of the stand. Mines ofR. fagichiefly occurred in the top of the overstory canopy or at the fringe of the stand. However, comparable distribution patterns are only expected in mature beech stands composed of distinct overstory and understory layers.(3) The effect of the actual spatial distribution pattern of herbivory on photosynthesis, productivity, and transpiration of beech in the research stand is discussed. It is suggested that in some cases the shade leaves of the understory canopy may cushion the effect of herbivory in the beech

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00894.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. A survey of 202 ha of planted forest in Langdale Forest, North Yorkshire, in 1972 discovered 326 occupied and thirty‐eight deserted nests ofFormica lugubrisZetterstedt. The average density of occupied nests was therefore 1.61 ha‐1.2. Nests were associated with most crop trees and wild trees present, but were most abundant near to plantation margins and regenerating natural scrub.3. In planted areas 76% of nests were found 5 m or less from the plantation boundary. More nests were found on the south and west border of plantations than on the north and east respectively, and most nests were not shaded from the south or southeast.4. An analysis of nearest neighbour measurements showed that the dispersion of nests was not random but contagious (clumped). Nest mounds were higher in shaded situations than in unshaded.5. The diameter of nest mounds was greater in areas planted with trees before 1945 than in areas planted since 1945.6. The present population ofF.lugubrisappears to have spread into planted areas from nests present in marginal natural woodland which escaped the disturbance of the area at the time of plant

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00895.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.1. The terminal velocities of freshly anaesthetized and weighed, virginoparous alatae were measured by dropping them into updrafts of known speed. For an average specimen weighing about 0.49 mg the terminal velocity was 1.78 ms‐1with wings closed and 0.82 ms‐1with wings fully extended horizontally.2. Extrapolating from the known terminal velocities of falling spheres of appropriate density, it is concluded that for inertly falling insects of constant shape the terminal velocity will be substantially lower with the wings extended than with them closed for all sizes of insect and that the horizontal distance travelled during a fall will be correspondingly greater.3. Sudden reflex immobilization and falling was sometimes observed in aphids flying in a laboratory flight chamber, and very occasionally this immobilized state was maintained for many seconds (even during handling) before recovery and renewed flight. There was no evidence of a special falling attitude (‘Fall‐reflexhaltung’) other than a simple ‘frozen flight’ attitude with wings extended horizontally and legs extended fore and aft while the insect spiralled downwards, abdomen first.4. The flying aphid's usual response to a coloured surface below it in the flight chamber was not to cease wing‐beating and fall but to fly downwards, abdomen first, at speeds up to more

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00896.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:A BIOLOGY OF LOCUSTS. By R. F. ChapmanLA FILARIOSE DE BANCROFT EN AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST. By J. BrenguesLA FILARIOSE DE BANCROFT DANS LA SOUS‐REGION MALGACHE (COMORES‐MADAGASCAR‐REUNION). By J. BrunhesAN ATLAS OF INSECT DISEASES. By Jaroslav WeiserAN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MUSCA DOMESTICA LINNAEUS. By Luther S. West and Oneita Beth PetersPERSPECTIVES IN FOREST ENTOMOLOGY. Edited by John F. Anderson and Harry H. KayaINSECTS, HYGIENE AND HISTORY. By J. R. BusvineMIGRATION AND HOMING IN ANIMALS. By K. Schmidt

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1977.tb00897.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY