摘要:

AbstractThe present study examined the relation of androgyny to psychosocial development in the context of Erikson's life‐span theory of personality. Samples of male and female college students and adults completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Inventory of Psychosocial Development. The highest scores on psychosocial development were obtained by individuals with an androgynous orientation, followed by those with masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated orientations, in that order. Particular aspects of psychosocial development were differentially associated with masculinity and femininity, in accordance with the agentic or communal quality of successful resolutions of particular developmental crises. Overall, these results support the view that the simultaneous endorsement of both masculine and feminine qualities represents an added adaptive capacity. These findings applied equally to both sexes and both age groups studie

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHigh school (N= 150) and college (N= 164) students completed a survey of their earliest personal recollection (ER). These memories typically were of events occurring in the fourth year of life, and varied widely in terms of content and associated affect. The ERs of the high school sample were dated significantly later, contained more traumatic content, and were more likely to possess the qualities of a “screen memory” than were those of the college sample. Upon retest three months later, 58% of the high school students recalled the same ER as on the first trial. For those recalling a different ER, the second was rated as more pleasant than the first, and was less likely to contain traumatic content. In the college sample, those subjects whose ERs were of events occurring after the fourth birthday or which fit the definition of “screen” memories scored higher on the PRF Harmavoidance scale. Implications of these findings for future research are di

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree experiments investigated the influence of current mood states on the remembering of past events of one's own life. In the first and the second experiment, participants were induced to experience either the mood state of elation or the mood state of depression. They then reported events and experiences that had occurred during the previous week. In the first and the second experiments, using converging methods for assessing memory for past events, participants differentially reported past events and experiences whose affective quality was congruent with their current mood states: participants in elated mood states preferentially reported pleasant events and happy experiences, and participants in depressed mood states preferentially reported unpleasant events and unhappy experiences. Additional evidence from the second experiment suggests that the differential remembering of affectively positive or affectively negative events requires that, at the time of the remembering of these events, participants actually experience the mood states of elation or depression and not simply attempt to remember past events that could account for elation or depression. In the third experiment, designed to assess the plausibility of “experimental demand” interpretations of these findings, participants who experienced ostensibly effective mood inductions that were actually ineffective failed to manifest differential remembering of affectively positive and affectively negative events. Implications of this series of experiments for understanding the mechanisms that may link moods and memories, as well as the intrapersonal and the interpersonal consequences of mood states, are discus

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractForty‐eight undergraduate males completed a psychological test and were told one of two things regarding their test‐taking behavior. In one condition, people were led to believe that they had been revealing in their responses (the informative condition); in the other condition, people were given no information about how revealing they had been (the noinformative condition). They were then given a positive or negative personality interpretation concerning assertiveness. The impact of this feedback was measured by feedback recipients’ (a) accuracy and acceptance ratings; (b) recall; and (c) self‐descriptive statements in a purportedly independent setting. Positive feedback was rated as more accurate and accepted more than was negative feedback. For subjects who were told that they had been informative, negative feedback tended to be recalled more than was positive feedback. In a purportedly independent experiment, subjects completed questionnaires containing items about their assertiveness. Under the informative condition only, subjects who had received negative feedback rated themselves less favorably than did subjects who had received positive feedback. A possible theoretical reason for the informativeness results is discussed, and implications are drawn for the clinical

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to determine the esteem and control correlates of behavioral and characterological blame for victims and observers. On the basis of a proposed motivation to minimize perceptions of vulnerability, it was predicted that behavioral self‐blame would be “adaptive” for victims, whereas both behavioral and characterological blame of the victim would be “adaptive” for observers. As hypothesized, behavioral self‐blame by victims was associated with high self‐esteem and perceptions of future avoid ability of the victimization, whereas both behavioral and characterological blame by observers were associated with high self‐esteem. Behavioral blame was more likely to be engaged in by victims than by observers, and characterological blame was more likely to be engaged in by low esteem victims and high esteem observers. The study employed a role‐playing/observer methodology. The adequacy of this methodology and the generalizability of results to actual victim/observer populati

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined the proposition that blacks and whites make dispositional attributions for an in‐group's positive behaviors and an out‐group's negative behaviors. The study also examined whether this positive in‐group bias was caused by dislike of the out‐group or belief in a stereotype. Thus, blacks and whites made attributions to black and white others who succeeded or failed on tasks for which there was either no stereotype or a more negative stereotype of whites than of blacks. An out‐group other's failure on both tasks was attributed to lack of ability more than was an in‐group other's failure. This finding suggests that the in‐group bias is caused by dislike of the out‐group. Furthermore, in success conditions subjects' attributions to the in‐group or out‐group other did not differ. It was suggested that these attributions may result from a combination of an in‐group bias and

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMirels (1976) demonstrated that derivations from Implicit Personality Theory were compromised by marked absolute discrepancies between subjects’ estimates of the coendorsement of personality items and the empirical relations between the items. Arguments presented by Jackson, Chan, and Strieker (1979) in a recent critique of this demonstration were shown to be based on an arbitrary and severely restrictive view of implicit theory. Logical and empirical considerations were brought to bear in the present paper to indicate that (a) empirical conditional probabilities of test item coendorsement are an appropriate comparison standard for estimates of those probabilities, (b) large absolute discrepancies between estimated and empirical coendorsement must be regarded as seriously impugning the accuracy of IPT, and (c) exclusive reliance on the correlational correspondence between estimated and empirical coendorsement results in an overly sanguine view of the accuracy of IPT. Moreover, it was shown that subjects fail to discriminate between highly asymmetrical conditional probabilities, a finding directly at variance with the assertion that the presumably veridical postulates of implicit theory are inductively extracted from experience. Also discussed were the relation between IPT and everyday social judgments, and the influence of IPT on behavioral rating

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01024.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present paper examines some problems in the current literature on Implicit Personality Theory (IPT) with specific reference to the controversial publications by Mirels (1976) and Jackson, Chan, and Stricker (1979). Their disputes address the question of whether individuals'estimatesof trait co‐occurrence accurately reflectactual (empirical)trait co‐occurrence in personality ratings. The cogency of the disputes is undermined, however, by both studies' deficiences at the levels of theory, measurement, and statistical analysis. For instance, the indices used for representing estimated and empirical trait co‐occurrence are neither adequately justified nor commensurate. For future personality attribution research, we discuss both the theoretical distinction between two (comparative and absolute) judgment formats frequently involved in data gathering and the empirical distinction between sophisticated and unsophisticated research strategies involved in data analysis. Finally, it was concluded that due to the residual effect of the empiricism of the 1950s and 1960s, and a lack of logical coherence between cognitive psychology, psychometric theories, and statistical data manipulations, IPT is still at an early stage of development. Future investigators should therefore develop a rigorous program with the sophistication of so‐called “nomological operationalization” for a systematic investiga

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01025.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Tzeng and Tzeng (1982) criticisms of the assumptions underlying the Jackson, Chan, and Stricker (1979) study of Implicit Personality Theory fail to take account of the relevant empirical data. For example, the key contention of Tzeng and Tzeng–that the measures of judged and empirical trait‐co‐occurrence used by Jackson et al. were not comparable–is contradicted by replicated findings which establish that the two are substantially and consistently related, results for which Tzeng and Tzeng offer no alternative explanation. In short, Tzeng and Tzeng have not demonstrated that their criticisms have any real substance. Hence, none of the Jackson et al. results and conclusions, including those questioning the conditional probability index as a measure of empirical co‐occurrence and those supporting the validity of Implicit Personality Theory, are affected o

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01026.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTzeng and Tzeng's (1982) assertion that the results from two indices of estimated item coendorsement should not have been combined in Mirels' (1976) demonstration of inferential illusions is shown to be based on erroneous suppositions. Evidence for the equivalence of the two formats makes it clear that the separate presentation of data for each index would have yielded results and led to conclusions virtually identical to those for the combined data. The objection by Tzeng and Tzeng to Mirels' use of empirical conditional probabilities as a criterion against which to assess the veridicality of Implicit Personality Theory is also shown to be without empirical foundation. In the light of available findings, the existence of striking inaccuracies in the culturally prevalent Implicit Personality Theory seems well established.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb01027.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY