摘要:

ABSTRACTConsensus in personality judgment refers to the agreement with which two people (or more) can describe the personality of another; self‐other agreement refers to the similarity between personality descriptions by the self and by others; and accuracy refers to the degree to which personality descriptions capture real attributes of the persons described. After years of focusing on other subjects, researchers recently have renewed their interest in these three topics. Current empirical research is philosophically diverse and includes studies incorporating pragmatic, constructivist, and realist approaches. Other research is resolving long‐standing methodological problems and providing new analytic techniques for the study of consensus, self‐other agreement, and accuracy. This special issue includes articles exemplifying all of these research approaches and documents that a new wave of research on consensus, self‐other agreement, and accuracy in personality judgment now comprises a burgeoning field that has finally come

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00778.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFollowing a general model of consensus in interpersonal perception (Kenny, 1991), we report evidence on four sources of consensus and self‐other agreement: (a) meaning systems shared by observers, (b) extent of information on target behavior, (c) consistency of target behavior, and (d) non‐behavioral information. We argue that these factors can be disentangled more precisely by analyzing ratings by strangers instead of ratings by acquaintances. We then focus on first impressions as a source of self‐other agreement, and we report evidence that first impressions of actual persons are quite accurate for Extraversion and Conscientiou

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00779.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIt is well documented that people form reliable and robust impressions of a stranger's personality traits on the basis of facial appearance. The propensity to judge character from the face is typically thought to reflect cultural beliefs about mythical relations between aspects of facial appearance and personality. However, recent cross‐cultural and developmental research does not support the mythical, cultural stereotype hypothesis. An alternative explanation of the data is that consensus in face‐based impressions exists because those judgments are partially accurate. In this article, we explore the theoretical rationale for this “kernel‐of‐truth” hypothesis, review research that indicates that first impressions based on facial appearance are partially accurate, and discuss the potential mechanisms that may yield links between aspects of facial appearance and

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00780.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWe examined several determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits. The findings, which were cross‐validated in two samples, suggest that agreement is a function of four factors: which Big Five content domain the trait represents, how observable relevant behaviors are, how evaluative the trait is, and whether the self is one of the judges. Agreement was highest for traits related to Extraversion and lowest for traits related to Agreeableness. More observable and less evaluative traits elicited higher interjudge agreement. On average, self‐peer agreement was lower than peer‐peer agreement. However, this effect was limited to evaluative traits; for neutral traits, self‐peer agreement was as high as peer‐peer agreement. These findings suggest that self‐ and peer perception proceed through similar processes for neutral traits but not for highly evaluative traits, raising the possibility that self‐perceptions become distorted when the trait is affect

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00781.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT“Shared meaning” is a parameter in Kenny's (1991) rater agreement model concerning the extent to which two raters agree about the trait‐implicative meaning of the observations they have made of a target. In the first study, 201 individuals rated observations relevant to friendliness and organization on the meaning dimensions of typicality, difficulty level, and evaluation. They also rated 25 targets on the two constructs. We found strong support for a modest relation between the similarity of meaning ratings and the similarity of target ratings, especially for raw, as opposed to standard score, ratings. In Study 2 we considered shared meaning in a version of Kenny's model that included the consistency and communication parameters. Judge pairs (N= 110) evaluated two targets described by play and openness on several personality dimensions. Shared meaning significantly contributed to rating agreement for both targets, but consistency and communication, as manipulated in this study, did not. Implications of employing the broader consensus model in experimental studies are discussed. If I say “sorrow,” you'll know exactly what I mean only if you've experienced it in the same sense I have. ‐Joel Peterson, Ravenswood's Winemaker, in Darli

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00782.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPeople are motivated to understand each other's psychological states as well as each other's personality traits. As a consequence, the more traditional study of accuracy in trait inference can be complemented by, and potentially benefit from, the insights provided by the more recent study of empathic accuracy. Findings in this area suggest that future research should devote more attention to(a)the history of the perceiver‐target relationship;(b)the perceiver's desired future relationship with the target;(c)the possibility that perceivers have little or no “metaknowledge” regarding their own empathic ability; and(d)the possibility that, under certain conditions, perceivers might be motivated to be inaccurate, rather than accurate, in their inferences about other people's disposi

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00783.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTResearch has recently demonstrated that the personalities of some individuals are more accurately judged than others, and that these “judgable” persons possess a coherent and identifiable personality structure (Colvin, 1993). In this article, four indices of judgability, based on personality descriptions provided by trained examiners, friends, and self, were derived when subjects were 18 and 23 years of age. A reliable composite of the four indices was related to adolescent and childhood personality ratings. The results reveal(a)rank‐order stability of judgability from age 18 to age 23,(b)that adolescent ego resiliency predicts judgability in early adulthood, and(c)that adolescent ego resiliency mediates the relationship between childhood personality and young‐adult judgability, but only for men. Observed gender differences and similarities are discussed. Overall, the convergence between the results from this study and previous research provides evidence for the construct validity of judg

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00784.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTResearch and theory on interpersonal expectations have been dominated by a strong social constructivist perspective arguing that expectancies are often inaccurate and a major force in the creation of social reality. The reflection‐construction model is an attempt to examine these strong claims conceptually and empirically. This model assumes that social perception includes both constructivist phenomena and accuracy. When this model is used as a framework for interpreting research on teacher expectations and on the role of stereotypes in person perception, it shows that interpersonal expectancies are often accurate, and usually lead only to relatively small biases and self‐fulfilling prophecies. The model also is used to interpret research on expectancies that has provided some of the foundations for the strong constructivist perspective. This reflection‐construction analysis shows that even those studies strongly suggest that people's expectations generally will be highly acc

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00785.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIndividual differences in self‐other disagreement may lap phenomena that have been notoriously difficult to assess. For example, subjects who believe they possess a trait while their acquaintances disagree may be exhibiting suppression. Further, subjects who deny a trait while acquaintances believe it is present may be displaying repression. In the first study, both subjects and their closest friends rated the subject's hostility level. Suppressors and repressors were expected to exhibit enhanced thought control, and indeed these individuals were more able not to think about white bears when instructed to do so than individuals for whom there was high hostility agreement. However, this was also true for those with low hostility agreement. Only suppressors demonstrated blood‐pressure hyperreactivity to a hostility‐provoking task as expected; this finding was replicated in a second study employing a different, multi‐item measure of hostility, as well as a marker of low Agreea

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00786.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSubjects consisted of a sample of two cohorts of approximately 100 boys each whose behaviors were rated by their parents and teachers. Criterion variables included antisocial behavior, based on parent, child, teacher, and interviewer reports, and delinquency, based on parent and child reports in addition to cumulative arrest data taken from juvenile court records. The data suggest that mothers are focused on the daily, irritating behaviors of their sons. Teachers, on the other hand, appear to focus on a relatively small number of items (e.g., child physically attacks others, associates with deviant peers), and thereby provide ratings that are better predictors of delinquency and arrest. When the mothers' ratings were constrained to include only items that were salient for teachers, their predictive validity coefficients approached the magnitude of the teacher coefficients.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00787.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY