摘要:

AbstractPsychological differentiation, as measured by field independence, is studied in relationship to cerebral hemispheric differentiation as assessed through dichotic listening and spatial task performance. Predictions regarding right‐hemisphere functions and field independence were confirmed. More differentiated versus less differentiated right‐hemisphere superiorities are distinguished and discussed in light of the field‐dependence construct. The dimension of integration, characteristic of increasing differentiation, frames the prediction that field independents are better able to utilize the right hemisphere on typically left‐hemisphere tasks. The results are discussed in relationship to the potential role of cerebral mechanisms underlying different defensive styles, and in regard to the neurophychological search for covariance between psychological and neurophysiological par

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractQuestionnaires that assessed self‐esteem, self‐concept, educational goals, career goals, preferred and expected career commitment, and sex‐role attitudes were completed by 884 male and female undergraduates representing two racial groups and two age groups. Men and women did not differ significantly in terms of self‐esteem, but the men described themselves as more attractive than did the women in their age group. For the 18–25‐year‐old white women, an intelligent, unconventional, and/or nonreligious self‐concept predicts nontraditional goals and feminist attitudes, and the interaction between self‐esteem and socioeconomic status influences educational goals and sex‐role attitudes. For the 18–25‐year‐old white men, a physically strong and intelligent self‐concept predicts higher educational goals and traditional career goals, and lower self‐described strength and religiousness and greater intelligence predict more feminist attitudes. Physical self‐concept is unrelated to goals or attitudes for the female samples. Self‐concept is less strongly predictive of goals and attitudes for the black women and the older men and women. Possible reasons for the sample differences and implications f

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAccording to reviews by Goodchilds (1972) and Lieberman (1977) of research on humor, the least studied component of the humorous event is the humorous person. Results of two studies investigating the relation between individual differences in self‐monitoring and humor production are reported. In the first study, subjects completed a self‐report measure of humorousness, captioned as many cartoons as possible within five minutes, and performed a three‐minute monologue. The second study involved a group‐discussion task. As predicted, high self‐monitors compared to low self‐monitors rated themselves as more humorous, generated more humorous cartoon captions, produced more humorous monologues, and were nominated by group participants as having made more witty remarks. The humorousness of the high self‐monitors was discussed in terms of control of affective display and mastery of interpersonal skills required to initiate and maintain socia

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFeedback from one's own voice provides important vocal–motor cues for effective cognitive processing. Reduction of such feedback is known to disturb such functioning. Work in our laboratory has shown that kinesic self‐stimulation also plays an important role in cognition, and appears to regulate the focusing of attention under conditions of distraction. The present study investigated the effects of both auditory feedback and kinesic self‐stimulation in the regulation of cognitive interference during performance of the Stroop Color‐Word Task. Twelve subjects were tested on the Stroop task under conditions of normal and occluded hearing. Kinesic self‐stimulation and response errors during color‐word performance were recorded on video tape. The findings indicated that not only did self‐stimulation increase when voice feedback was reduced, but that this increase was associated with a reduction in specific types of color‐word performance errors. Individual differences revealed that high kinesic responders made significantly fewer errors in task performance than did low kinesic responders. Results were interpreted as revealing a kinesic feedback mechanism which has adaptive significance in regard to self‐editing when auditory fe

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00826.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFive experiments were conducted to study perceptions of self‐disclosure by attractive and unattractive males and females. Results showed that highly disclosing females were preferred over females with medium or low self‐disclosure when their self‐disclosure was about a parental suicide or about sexual attitudes. Highly disclosing females were evaluated less favorably than females with medium self‐disclosure when their self‐disclosure was about aggressive feelings of competitiveness. Highly disclosing males were evaluated less favorably than males with medium and low self‐disclosure on all disclosure topics. Disclosers with high physical attractiveness were evaluated more favorably than disclosers with low physical attractiveness, but there was considerable variation among subject

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00827.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to understand the foundation of eminence in cultural activities, an attempt was made at learning why some works creators produce are more famous than others. This paper specifically investigates the differential fame of 5,046 themes by 10 eminent composers of classical music. Hypotheses derived from past research in creativity and esthetics were tested using a computerized content analysis. The results show that (a) the fame of a musical theme is a positive linear function of melodic originality (rather then a curvilinear inverted‐U function), and (b) melodic originality is a positive function of biographical stress and of historical time, and an inverted backwards‐J function of

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00828.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLow and high scoring individuals on Snyder's Self‐Monitoring (SM) Scale were compared for differences in (a) variability in personality descriptions provided by 10 acquaintances, and (b) discrepancies between their self‐ratings and the averaged acquaintance ratings. Each subject was rated by 10 different persons (e.g., parent, sibling, roommate, teacher), and the standard deviations of their ratings on each subject for 14 personality dimensions served as dependent measures. Contrary to the first hypothesis, no differences in the variability of acquaintance ratings were observed between SM groups. The second hypothesis received substantial empirical support. High SM subjects showed a significantly larger discrepancy between self‐ratings and the mean acquaintance ratings, primarily because they rated themselves more highly on traits than their acquaintances did. High self‐monitors also showed less similarity in the shape of the two personality profiles generated by self‐ and acquaintance ratings across the 14 traits. The discrepancies observed in high SM subjects between self‐ratings and the averaged acquaintance ratings (the latter considered to be more objective) extends the finding of Snyder and Tanke (1976) that high SM subjects showed less congruence between self‐reported attitudes and behavior. It is suggested that high SM individuals are particularly high on evaluation apprehension and that in both studies they acted in ways which they believed would enhance their self

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00829.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn an initial attempt to assess the applicability of Weiner's (1972) attribution model to sport‐related behavior, the effects of ability (high versus low), effort (high versus low) and outcome (success versus failure) on causal attributions were investigated. After riding a bicycle ergometer, subjects were asked to attribute the cause of their increased or decreased performance to ability, effort, task difficulty and/or luck. The results indicated that successful outcomes were attributed tobothability and effort and that unsuccessful outcomes were attributed to a lack of ability butnota lack of effort. While the task was seen as easier following success, the perception of low effort mediated this relationship. The results were interpreted to support a situationally specific conceptualization of sport achievement. First, whereas a motivational bias appears to preclude low ability attributions in intellectual pursuits, such is not the case with a novel physical task contingent on strength and muscular endurance. It was suggested that physiologically related ability may be viewed as relatively unstable. Second, relative to intellectual tasks, sport‐related effort may be more salient and more quantifiable and may exert a greater influence on subsequent attributions for sport achievement. Finally, support was obtained for the assertions that affect is codetermined by both effort and ability and that expectancy discrepant performance is accounted for largely by perceptions of task difficu

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChaikin and Derlega (1974a and b) maintain that social norms dictate reciprocal exchange of intimacy in dyadic interactions. A strong version of this normative hypothesis is that when personal information about self is revealed, only personal information in return from the recipient can satisfy the norm. But a more flexible view of the reciprocity norm might allow the hearer to acknowledge the intimate information received and express an interest or concern with its content in lieu of self‐disclosure in return. An experiment was conducted in which perceptions of an individual responding to an initial disclosure were examined. Observer subjects read a brief description of a first encounter between two women. During the meeting one of the women made either an intimate or a nonintimate disclosure (low versus high initial intimacy). The other woman responded in one of five ways: with an intimate disclosure (high‐return disclosure), a nonintimate disclosure (low‐return disclosure), acknowledgment and sympathy (concern), concern‐plus‐high‐return disclosure, or concern‐plus‐low‐return disclosure. Regardless of initial intimacy, the most favorable impressions of the respondent were formed in the concern condition. When the respondent made a disclosure of her own, the interaction predicted by the normative hypothesis was replicated. In addition, perceptions of the intimacy of the initial discloser and the respondent were affected by each other: a contrast effect. The possibilities are discussed that a disclosure reciprocity norm may not apply to conversations and that there is a need for care in generalizing reciprocity results to settings in which respondents have other option

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSchachter's externality hypothesis suggests that overweight individuals are more likely to be induced to eat by salient external cues than normal weight individuals. While a range of studies have demonstrated the plausibility of this hypothesis in the case of sensory stimuli (e.g., taste cues), there is little evidence that the hypothesis applies to social stimuli. The current study examines this latter proposition by exposing male and female, overweight and normal weight subjects to a same‐sex or opposite‐sex peer model. Under the guise of engaging in a taste experiment, the subjects were either exposed to a model who tasted experiment, the subjects were either exposed to a model who tasted no crackers (no eat), one cracker (low eat), or twenty crackers (high eat). In addition, control model‐absent conditions were also run for purposes of establishing baseline eating rates. If the externality hypotheses were to prevail in social domains, one would expect overweight subjects to be more prone to model the cracker‐eating behavior of the peer than normal weight individuals. However, the findings indicate that all subject groups regardless of weight evidence a rather clear modeling effect and all subjects evidence social inhibition effects on their eating behavior as well. Several intriguing interactions among subject sex, model sex, subject weight, and social condition were also found. The discussion explores the relevance of an externality model of overweight eating in social domains, and focuses upon the interesting and somewhat distinct pattern of socially mediated eating exhibited by overweight

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1980.tb00832.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY