摘要:

AbstractA self‐evaluation maintenance (SEM) model was used to make predictions about the positivity of perception of the performance of friends and strangers. The model predicts that when the target of perception is close (i.e., a friend) the target's performance should be perceived more positively on dimensions of low personal relevance (to the perceiver) and less positively on dimensions of high personal relevance. If the target is psychologically distant (i.e., a stranger), this tendency should be attenuated. Thirty‐four female subjects were given positive and negative feedback on a social sensitivity and an esthetic judgment task. One task had greater relevance for some subjects and the other task had greater relevance for the remaining subjects. Subjects rated their perception of a friend's and a stranger's performance on these tasks. The patterning of positivity in perception conformed to the pattern predicted by the SEM model. Subjects' awareness of their behavior as well as individual differences in self‐esteem and repression‐sensitization were also examined and di

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00750.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBy choosing to enter and spend time in those social situations that will dispose them to perform the actions implied by their personal attitudes, individuals may generate correspondence between their attitudes and their behavior. To investigate this process, we allowed individuals to choose whether to enter and spend time in a social situation that supported the behavioral expression of attitudes favorable toward affirmative action. For low‐self‐monitoring individuals, those with favorable attitudes toward affirmative action were substantially more willing than were those with unfavorable attitudes to enter and spend time in this social situation. For high self‐monitoring individuals, willingness to enter and spend time in this social situation was unrelated to personal attitudes toward affirmative action; at the same time, high self‐monitoring females were more likely than high self‐monitoring males to choose to enter and to spend time in this social situation. Implications of these findings for understanding the links between self‐monitoring processes and the origins of correspondence between attitudes and behavior wer

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00751.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of appearance on interpersonal judgments has been demonstrated frequently. Self‐perception theory suggests that any variable, such as appearance, that affects our impressions of others may also affect our impressions of self. In a test of this proposition, subjects completed the Hidden Figures Test and the vocabulary subscales from the WAIS and Binet Intelligence Tests with eyeglasses on and eyeglasses off. Wearing glasses did not affect actual performance, but subjects believed that they had performed better when wearing glasses. They also described themselves as more stable, scholarly, competent, and so on, when wearing glasses. Consistent with other work on individual differences in self‐perception, these effects occurred only among subjects designated as more responsive to self‐produced cues. Subjects more responsive to situational cues were unaffected by the eyeglass manipula

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00752.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndividual differences in desire for feedback did not exhibit any significant correlations with a variety of self‐report personality dimensions. Additional survey studies indicated that a higher proportion of individuals in nonclinical as compared to clinical samples reported a strong desire to receive feedback about themselves. Subsequent studies revealed that the higher as compared to lower desire for feedback individuals: (1) were more willing to seek psychological help and to participate in therapy once in treatment; (2) exhibited more positive expectancies for change at the beginning of therapy; and (3) were more “responsive” to diagnostic feedback. Within the limitations of the present findings, the potential “adaptiveness” of desire for feedback is discussed and the negative motivational therapeutic consequences associated with a low desire for feedback are

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00753.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDetermining the extent of social support and its consequences and personality correlates has been of increasing interest to researchers. The two studies reported here deal with the possibility that people low in social support are characterized by rigid, authoritarian personality characteristics and a lack of confidence in the support that informal social networks can provide. Groups differing in social support were compared on scales measuring attitudes toward mental illness and personal feelings of anomy. Subjects high in social support had more benign attitudes concerning the mentally ill and felt less anomy than did subjects low in social support. They also perceived their own early relationships with parents as being more positive. The findings are in agreement with several hypotheses about individual differences related to social support differences, and suggest that studies geared toward understanding the causal relations involved would be both theoretically and practically valuable.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00754.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo studies are described in which the relations between sexual experience, sex guilt, and sexual moral reasoning were examined. Subjects were asked to articulate their opinions on each of six sexual activities, and then choose one of six statements (corresponding to Kohlberg's six stages of reasoning) that most clearly reflected why they had, or had not, engaged in three of those activities. An analysis of the moral reasoning present in each of the six articulated responses indicated that level of reasoning was inversely related to sex guilt. Analysis of the preference data indicated that subjects endorsed reasoning (statements) at a higher stage than they had articulated, and that this “gap” between articulation and preference was much greater for less experienced subjects. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of using situation‐specific moral dilemmas when assessing moral reasoning, and in terms of the possible role that lack of sexual experience plays in inhibiting sexual moral develo

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00755.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo studies investigating the effects of pay on the intrinsic motivation of subjects varying along the dimension of locus of control were conducted. It was hypothesized that internals, who should assign greater weight to the competency aspect of rewards they receive, would manifest increasing intrinsic motivation as pay increased. Externals, who should be more likely to focus on the controlling aspects of rewards, were expected to show decreases in intrinsic motivation as rewards increased. In Study 1, where both the controlling and competency aspects of the rewards offered were deliberately kept vague, the hypotheses were supported. In Study 2, where the controlling aspect of the pay offered was made salient by making pay contingent upon performance, high pay undermined the intrinsic motivation of both internals and externals. It was suggested that only when the controlling aspect of pay is not salient will the intrinsic motivation of externals and internals be differentially affected. Support for the hypothesis that internals and externals differentially weight available information when making causal attributions was also noted.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00756.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndividual differences in circadian activity rhythms were assessed and correlated with a number of measures of task orientation and time concern. Those who tend to be morning active completed the questionnaires more quickly than did others, expressed negative attitudes about wasting time, and scored higher on measures of achievement tendency and task leadership. Differences between college roommates in the tendency to be morning active were found to be related to negative evaluations of the roommate relationship. The results of this study suggest that the causes and effects of synchronized personal and social circadian rhythms warrant continued exploration.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00757.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY