摘要:

AbstractStudent dormitory advisors (n = 16) made trait/situation attributions to themselves and also identified three friends and three acquaintances. Friends (n = 41) and acquaintances (n = 43) then made attributions to themselves along with attributions and familiarity ratings of the advisors who identified them. The actor‐observer effect was obtained for situational but not for trait attributions, both when advisors' self‐attributions were compared to attributions made about them by friends and acquaintances (common target) and when the latter's self attributions were compared to their target attributions (common rater). Among friends and acquaintances, target familiarity was positively related to trait attributions and was negatively related to uncertainty attributions. Also, familiarity was positively related to thevalidityof situational but not of trait attributions. It was concluded that familiarity appears to influence the process of attribution, but differentially for dispositional vs. situational attributions and for actor‐observer differences vs. observer variations in attributions. Moreover, increased information about the actor as a result of greater familiarity may lead to both more accurate and more favorable attribu

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00877.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo investigate the validity of the trait,Energetic, two studies were conducted in which trait ratingsof Energeticand objective measures of performance were recorded. The first study used naive raters (N= 55) who observed pairs of subjects perform in a laboratory setting. There was 84% agreement (p<.001) among the raters as to which person was moreEnergetic, and people rated as moreEnergeticperformed more energetically on the objectively measured tasks (p<.001). The second study used peer ratings ofEnergeticand objective measures of energetic behavior in a laboratory setting. There was high agreement among the peers in ratings ofEnergetic, r = .95 (N = 30) and r = .93 (N = 31) for two groups. Nine men from the upper‐quartile and nine men from the lower‐quartile of theEnergeticscores were tested in the laboratory and were given a structured interview regarding their physical activities. The correlation between peer ratings and laboratory performance was .56 and between peer ratings and the interview data, .64. The results support the position that trait ratings can be valid indicators of regularities in behavior. The procedures used in these studies could be a generally useful model for investigations of the validity of trait rati

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00878.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe imposition of external constraints on an activity has frequently been shown to undermine intrinsic motivation. Given that limits must often be set upon peoples' activities, especially in parenting and education, the present study addressed the question of whether limits can be setwithoutundermining intrinsic motivation for the activity being limited. Using cognitive evaluation theory, contrasting limit setting styles of either a controlling or informational nature, or no limits, were placed upon forty‐four first‐ and second‐grade children engaged in a painting activity. The intrinsic motivation, enjoyment, creativity, and quality of artistic production were expected to be decreased by controlling limits relative to informational and no‐limits, which were not expected to differ from each other. The results provided substantial support for these predictions, suggesting that limits can be set without undermining intrinsic motivation if they are informational in nature. Support was also found for the consensual assessment of creativity method recently developed by Amabile (1982a). Results of the study are discussed along with the general relation between creativity and intrinsic mot

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00879.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractObservers viewed one of nine dramatized videotaped interviews of a rape victim describing her rape. Information in the interview varied the prudence of the victim's behavior (careful, careless, no information provided) and the respectability of her character (good, bad, no information provided). Behavioral blame was significantly greater than characterological blame when the victim was careless or when no information was provided about behavior, regardless of the victim's character. When the behavior was careful, behavioral blame was equal in magnitude to characterological blame. In no case was characterological blame preferred. The adaptive value of behavioral blame for preserving a belief in a controllable and meaningful world was examined using a hierarchical multiple regression. After removing the effects of the prebeliefs of the subjects and the independent variable manipulations, only behavioral blame was significantly related to the maintenance of adaptive beliefs. Implications of the adaptive value of behavioral blame are discussed along with the importance of distinguishing observers' behavioral and characterological blaming strategies in the victimization literature.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00880.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEighty college students (40 females and 40 males) were administered the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and interviewed in either a one‐way (interviewer asks questions) or reciprocal (interviewer asks questionsanddiscloses information about him‐ or herself) condition by a same‐sex interviewer. The TATs were scored for intimacy motivation. In this 2 (Female vs. Male) × 2 (High vs. Low Intimacy Motive) × 2 (Reciprocal vs. One‐Way Condition) experiment, intimacy motivation was positively associated with greater levels of laughter, smiling, and eye contact for the entire sample, as hypothesized. Furthermore, women showed significantly higher scores than men on laughter, smiling, and eye contact. Contrary to a second hypothesis, high intimacy motivation combined with reciprocal condition did not yield the highest levels of laughter, smiling, and eye contact. The results extend the construct validation literature for intimacy motivation into the domain of nonverbal behaviors considered to be indicative of positive interpersonal regard in cordial human int

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00881.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationshipsamongtraits andamongemotions have been well researched and are well known, but few experimental probes of the relationshipsbetweentraits and emotions have been undertaken. The present investigation sought to describe the relations that exist between traits and emotions. The Comrey Personality Scale (a trait inventory) and the Profile of Mood States (an emotion inventory) were administered to 140 students and the subscales were correlated using canonical procedures. The resulting canonical correlations may be specified in bipolar summary form as follows: Neurotic‐Stable was found to be correlated with Depressed‐Hopeful; Introverted‐Extraverted was found to be correlated with Quiescent‐Vigorous; and Empathic‐Egocentrical was found to be correlated with Content‐Confused. Furthermore, the predictive strength between the trait set and the emotion set was reasonably good, although substantially better when traits rather than emotions served as the

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00882.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo explore a structural approach to motivation based on hierarchies of goal inclusion, 231 subjects in two studies rated the valence of 46 or 56 general goals, and ratings were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis and factor analysis. Factors over all subjects were labeledInterpersonal Concern, Competitive Ambition, Exploration‐play, Balanced Success, Economic Status, andIntellectual Orientation. Cluster analyses produced corresponding clusters, as well asSecurity, Personal Growth, Transpersonal Orientation, andTranquility Seeking, arranged in hierarchies of class inclusion, culminating in a broad goal dichotomy described asIndividual Strivingvs.Harmony Seeking. The paper explicates a type of hierarchical interdependency among motives which supplements interdependencies implied by motivation theories, and suggests an alternative to the assumption of some fixed number of “basic” motives. It gives descriptive data on very broad motivation categories which influence self‐reports of goal importance and which relate to prior classifications of motivation, personality, and social b

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00883.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00876.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY