摘要:

AbstractWhen people compare their own performance across domains, the comparison may be based on differences in their absolute (objective) performance and/or on diffrences in their performance relative to others Differential sensitivity to the interpersonal (relative) and intrapersonal (absolute) comparison information was examined as a function of the closeness of the social comparison target and individual differences in self‐esteem Subjects (162) worked on two tasks with a partner, receiving item‐by‐item feedback, the partner was either a friend or a stranger The feedback was designed such that subjects' objective performance was better on one task (Task A) than on the other task (Task B), but their performance relative to that of the partner was better on Task B than on Task A High self‐esteem subjects and subjects in the friend condition were more satisfied and evaluated the test more positively on the task associated with better relative performance (despite the fact that their objective performance was worse on that task) Low self‐esteem subjects and subjects in the stranger condition expressed more positive reactions on the task associated with better objective performance (despite the fact that their relative performance was worse on that task) Results are discussed in terms of the informational and affective consequences of engaging in social

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00407.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper takes a positive view of the functions of self‐related thinking in social conception Free, written descriptions of self and various others were elicited from 190 school children aged 13 to 17 A measure of the commonality (use of common dimensions and concepts) between self and other descriptions were defined and calledprojectionDrawing on a theory that stresses the adaptive and positive functions of self‐related thinking, it was predicted that projection would be positively related to other measures indicating developmental maturity age, intelligence, amount of information, and use of sophisticated psychological, organized, and qualified vocabulary in descrbing persons Some, but not all of these predictions were supported and their theoretical implications are discus

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00408.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSelf‐meaningfulness, a concept arising from personal construct theory research, has been defined in terms of the importance of the self in the personal construct system Forty‐two undergraduate volunteers completed Repertory Grid ratings of the self and 15 individuals (five liked, five disliked, and five toward whom the subject was neutral) It was found that high self‐meaningfulness individuals' ratings of attraction were more strongly associated with the perception of similarity than were the ratings of low self‐meaningfulness subjects High self‐meaningfulness subjects saw liked individuals as significantly more similar to the self than did low self‐meaningfulness subjects In addition, liked, neutral, and disliked figures were seen as significantly different from one another on the similarity to self‐measure for high self‐meaningfulness subjects Only disliked figures were judged as more distant from the self for low self‐meaningfulness subjects These findings were discussed in terms of the importance of investigating individual differences in sim

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00409.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents a reanalysis of a study (Sabatelli, Buck,&Drever, 1982) that related nonverbal communication accuracy in married couples to marital complaints, using the social relations model developed by Kenny and his colleagues The social relations model allows for the analysis of the communication process in a new and more complete way where, for the first time, the relative contributions of sender, receiver, and unique relationship effects to overall nonverbal communication accuracy can be assessed In addition, each of these factors can be related to marital complaints and the patterns of communication within dyads can be examined for the presence of complementarity/similarity and reciprocity/compensation The overwhelming percentage of variance in communication accuracy was accounted for by sender and unique relationship effects while little variance in communication accuracy was accounted for bv receiver effects In addition, no evidence of complementarity/similarity and only weak support for reciprocity/compensation in the communication abilities of wife and husband was found With regard to marital complaints, the most striking result was the negative correlation between wives' sending ability and husbands' complaints, a finding consistent with the previous report In addition, and consistent with the former analysis, the wives' unique abilities to decode their husbands' expressions were found to correlate negatively with the wives' marital complaints

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00410.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present research employs a variety of methods to examinesocial acuity, the ability and inclination to perceive the psychological state of others and act accordingly Sources of data include three self‐report inventories (Self‐Monitoring, Attributional Complexity, and Empathy), a direct measure of perceptual performance (the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity), and comprehensive Q‐sort descriptions of personality provided by subjects' peers and by the subjects themselves The four measures of social acuity were found to be coherently interrelated, Self‐Monitoring and Empathy were related to each other particularly closely Examination of the Q‐sort correlates, from both self‐reports and peers' judgments, yielded an improved conceptual understanding of social acuity and demonstrated the close relationship between these measures and interpersonal effectiveness The results are discussed in terms of the construct validity of social acuity and the usefulness of multiple methods and approaches in assessing

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00411.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe place of employment and the diversity of its relations to other roles within the life structure of midlife women were investigated Three groups were compared Group I (n= 44) had a continuous low level of involvement in employment from their early 20s to their early 40s, Group II (n= 20) changed from low to high involvement, and Group III (n= 32) maintained a continuous high level of involvement Retrospective reports regarding subjects' commitment to a number of different roles and feelings during their early 30s and early 40s constituted the data Findings indicated that (1) women in Group I had a positive, confident view of their involvement in the traditional roles of mother, wife, and volunteer, (2) women in Group II, initially quite similar to those in Group I, restructured their role commitments by substituting involvement in employment for more traditional pursuits, and (3) women in Group III successfully integrated involvement in the multiple roles of worker, mother, wife, and volunteer Implications for a more dynamic view of identity, which takes into account significant reorganization of the life structure after adolescence and variability among diverse groups of women, are discussed

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00412.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between individuals social motives or values and their level of cooperation during a simulated resource conservation crisis Prior to the resource task, a decomposed game procedure was used to classify subjects as cooperatively or noncooperatively oriented Subjects, in groups of six, were led to believe that they shared access to a replenishing resource pool via a system of linked computer terminals Across a series of trials, subjects had to choose between maximizing their own short‐term gain and exercising personal restraint to preserve the collective resource False feedback about the group's use of the resource and the rate at which it was replenished was varied to indicate either that the resource was being sustained or that collective overuse was rapidly depleting it As predicted, cooperatively oriented individuals responded to resource depletion with greater self‐restraint than did those classified as noncooperators Analvsis of pretrial and posttrial data indicated that social values were also related to individuals expectations about the task and perceptions of ot

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00413.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHow do people come to terms with moral self‐presentations and disconfirming behaviors? Subjects were exposed to the self‐presentation of either anexemplifier(presenting himself as morally virtuous) or apragmatist(presenting himself as morally adaptable) and then learned whether the self‐presenter had or had not cheated for self‐serving reasons in an earlier experiment Subjects clearly distinguished between exploitativeness and hypocrisy in their attributions, and considered a cheating exemplifier more hypocritical and self‐deluding, but less exploitative and devious than a cheating pragmatist A second experiment manipulated subjects' involvement with the cheating of an exemplifier and a pragmatist by making half of the subjects its victims As in Experiment 1, uninvolved subjects considered the cheating exemplifier more hypocritical and less exploitative than a cheating pragmatist, however, involved subjects (victims) considered a cheating exemplifier more hypocritical but no less exploitative than a cheating pragmatist The results are discussed in terms of strategic self‐presentation and the attribution of mor

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00414.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1986.tb00415.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY