摘要:

SummaryAs a test of the general hypothesis that the enduring motivations of the individual significantly influence the kind of evaluations he makes of the abilities and attributes of others in a direction congruent with the quality and magnitude of such needs, the evaluative responses of 120 persons constituting 60 engaged dyads were secured, and their needs measured by a modified version of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule It was predicted that high levels of the needs for affiliation, nurturance, deference, intraception, dominance, succorance, and abasement would influence subjects to rate their partners more highly than persons with lesser magnitudes of these motivations, and that subjects scoring high on the needs for autonomy and aggression would tend to evaluate their loved ones less positively than subjects scoring low on these variables Comparisons in terms of difference scores of high‐ and low‐scoring groups of subjects on each of the 9 motivational characteristics resulted in confirmation of predictions at usually high levels of significance in 15 of the 18 cases. The three comparisons failing to reach the conventional level of significance nevertheless revealed differences which were also in the predicted direction. The findings are interpreted as quite clearly supporting the hypothesized influence of particular motivations in interpersonal evaluations, an effect which has been referred to as the factor of motivational congrue

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00044.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThematic Apperceptive measures of achievement, affiliation, and power motives, together with consensual judges’ ratings for several clusters of attitudes, beliefs, and actions, and objective data on office‐holding were obtained from thirty‐eight Black undergraduate university students Overall, need for Power was related to holding office, being rated as influential, and participating in the Black Repertory Theatre. Among Northern‐reared Blacks, need for Power related to ratings of activity in the extramural Black community and distrust of the System, among Southern‐reared Blacks, need for Power and need for Achievement related to ratings of P

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00045.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPersonal space was hypothesized to function as a defense mechanism The strength of intrapsychic defense against anger expression was first assessed in 160 college students by the TAT and Word Association Test, and personal space usage was then measured under anger‐arousing versus control conditions and under two types of instructions Results were that instructions accounted for a large proportion of the personal space variance, that under one anger‐arousing condition some subjects apparently counterattacked by invasion of the experimenter's territory, and that, in that condition, subjects with stronger defenses against anger expression employed larger spatial distances These results suggest that larger distances are used for defensive purposes only under conditions in which closer distances imply impulse expres

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00046.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryCognitive theorists have frequently distinguished between two types of thinking, one associated with control and reason, and the other with emotional expression A similar distinction was made by Freud between secondary and primary process thinking This paper has investigated whether corresponding styles of creativity can be discovered A study was reported in which two types of behaviour appeared a permissive, expressive type, and a controlled, coping type Both of these correlated positively with self‐reported creativity A second study contrasted the correlates of originality on tests of divergent thinking with originality on projective tests. Two clusters emerged, one representing competent, stable, resourceful personalities who scored high on divergent thinking tests of originality, the other representing impulsive, emotionally expressive, imaginative persons who scored high on projective test originalityIt was concluded that there are two creativity styles corresponding to the two types of cognitive process, and these styles were labelled “cold” creativity and “hot” creativity. Both styles play a part, in varying proportions, in any creativity processPerformance on the divergent thinking tests of originality is more closely related to cold than hot creativity and, therefore, the distinction does not correspond with that between convergent and divergent thinking Nor does it correspond with differences between scientific and artistic interests and c

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00047.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 64 young adults whose mothers had participated 17 years earlier in the Sears, Maccoby, and Levin interview study of childrearing A permissive home atmosphere in childhood appears to be related to neurotic (including hypochondriacal) and psychotic disturbances in female young adults, while a cold home atmosphere is related to psychopathological disorders in young adult males Also for young adult males there tends to be an association between an excessively warm‐nonpunitive home atmosphere in childhood and the development of strong anxiety and psychotic disturbances Phobic and psychotic disorders tend to have emerged from a cold‐punitive home atmosphere for males For females a warm‐punitive or permissive‐punitive home atmosphere appears to be related to neurotic disturbances and the paranoid reaction These findings were examined with and without K scale corrections with no significant differences in

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00048.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA high expectancy of success in playing a “fishing game” was established for all subjects (fourth‐grade children) Subjects then played the fishing game for money A nonsense syllable was associated with the money. Half of the subjects were frustrated in their attempts to obtain the money, while the remaining subjects were rewarded in their attempts The dependent measures indicated that, relative to rewarded and control subjects, frustrated subjects (a) looked at pictures of money more often, (b) overestimated the size of money, and (c) attributed more positive statements to the syllable associated with reward Subjects frustrated on a larger reward showed these effects to a greater extent than subjects frustrated on a smaller reward These data support the hypothesis that the incentive value of a reward, and of salient neutral stimuli associated with the reward, is increased by frustration, and that this effect is strengthened by the use of larger re

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00049.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryGroups of 10 high, 20 above average, and 20 low creative ability subjects were constituted by interjudge agreement from among an adult population who were removed from their biological parents and adopted shortly after birth. The adoptees thus received prebirth influence from their biological relatives and postbirth influence from then: adoptive relatives The rates of recorded mental illness were determined among the adoptees, their biological parents and siblings, and their adoptive parents and siblings Mental illness rates in the adoptees were positively and significantly related to their creative ability level, substantiating the hypothesized relationship between creative ability and mental illness. The mental illness rates of the biological parents were positively and significantly related to the creative ability level of the adoptees. Mental illness rates among the adoptive parents and the adoptive and biological siblings were independent of the adoptees’ creative ability level. The data were interpreted as evidence for the influence of prebirth factors on the relationship between creative ability and mental illness No evidence of family‐related postbirth influence was found An evaluation of mental illness rates among uncooperative (nonresponding) potential subjects and their relatives suggested that noncooperation by these adoptees produced a dampening effect on the results of the st

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00050.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIt was hypothesized that subjects having external locus of control orientations (E's) would conform to both subtle and overt influence attempts, whereas internals (I's) would react against such attempts 144 undergraduate students (72 of each sex) rated a proposed grading procedure pre‐ and postinfluence Data were analyzed in a completely crossed and balanced 3‐way factorial design, which included 3 levels of locus of control (I's, middles, and E's), 3 levels of influence (no, low, and high), and 2 levels of sex (male and female) Results showed that E's conformed to both levels of influence and I's reacted against high influence I's were not responsive to low influ

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00051.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe intrusion of anxiety and disruption of ego functions seen in the more serious forms of psychopathology would seem incompatible with maintenance of an unimpaired sense of personal identity. The present study took the position that the psychiatric patient's fragile or poorly developed sense of his own identity would be reflected (a) in deficient or tenuous identifications with parental norms and values and (b) in the perception of less parental supportiveness and warmth, relative to nonpsychiatric patients, and (c) would lead the individual to perceive reinforcement as contingent primarily upon some external locus of control, rather than upon his own relatively enduring personal characteristics Support was obtained for (b) and (c), above, but not for (a).

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00052.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOver a period of five years, 31 architects, 28 artists, and 26 engineers, a total of 85 outstanding individuals in their respective fields, were studied intensively with a psychological test battery consisting of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique, Time Estimation measures, the Stroop Color‐Word Test, the Embedded Figures Test, the Autokinetic Effect, Byrne's Repression‐Sensitization Inventory, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Welsh Figure Preference Test. Each subject in the study was chosen by a panel of faculty members as the most outstanding advanced students in nonrepresentational abstract art, architecture, and engineering drawing Highly significant differences were found between the three groups for a number of variables that had been predicted on the basis of previous research and theoretical considerations. These results served to validate the meaning of the perception variables while also giving additional insight into the differences between these three contrasting modes of visual experience as exemplified by the three occupational gr

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00053.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY