摘要:

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that the more stressful an experience is, the more positively it will be evaluated. Stressfulness was manipulated in the two studies by means of threat of shock, and both self‐report and physiological measures of stress indicated that these manipulations were highly successful. In both studies subjects who were exposed to the more stressful situation evaluated their experience as significantly more worthwhile and somewhat more interesting than did subjects exposed to the less stressful situation. Furthermore, as expected, subjects did not like the high stress experience more than the low stress experience. Implications and qualifications of these findings are discusse

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00175.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study examined the degree to which differential attraction to the prizes could explain children's decisions in a delay of gratification situation. After rating the attractiveness of prizes, each child responded to four delay choice situations. While significant effects were obtained on only one choice pair, the results generalized to the other choices: nondelayers consistently perceived less discrepancy in attraction between the immediate and delayed rewards than did delayers. In general, the smaller discrepancy among nondelayers was due to a greater attraction to the immediate prize. As predicted, these results held only for “inconsistent” children and not for children who consistently delayed or did not delay across all four choices. The implications of this finding for trait‐situation explanations of delay are discussed. While it was predicted that differential attraction would explain previously reported SES differences in delay tendencies, middle and lower SES children responded similarly, both in level of attraction to the prizes and actual delay beh

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00176.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that behavior is more accurately predicted from attitudes formed via direct, behavioral interaction with the attitude object than from attitudes developed via indirect, nonbehavioral experience. The present research examined the hypothesis that the confidence with which an attitude is held may be a mediating variable in the observed relationship between the manner of attitude formation and attitude‐behavior consistency. In the first experiment, it was demonstrated that subjects who formed their attitudes through direct experience held those attitudes more confidently and behaved more consistently with those attitudes than did subjects who formed their attitudes through indirect experience. In the second experiment, it was found that, regardless of the manner of attitude formation, subjects who were led to believe that they held their attitudes confidently displayed greater attitude‐behavior consistency than did subjects led to believe that they held their attitudes with little confidence. Taken together, the results suggest that it may be fruitful to view confidence both as a variable which mediates the effect of the manner of attitude formation on attitude‐behavior consistency and as one which, independent of how an attitude is formed, acts as a determinant of attitude‐behavior cons

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00177.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent studies have indicated that males make more egotistical attributions than females, that is, males make more internal attributions for success and more external attributions for failure than females do. These sex differences in attributions were examined in terms of male/female differences in expectancies for success and ego‐involvement in the tasks. Male and female subjects succeeded or failed on a masculine or a feminine task. It was found that males made more egotistical attributions than females on the masculine task, but females made more egotistical attributions than males on the feminine task. A covariance analysis revealed that these sex differences in attributions could be explained in terms of the differences between the males and females in expectancy for success and in ego‐involvement. Finally, it was found that ego‐involvement was a more important determinant of egotisical attributions in the present study than was expec

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00178.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFamily resemblances in conservatism were examined for a sample of 176 families tested in metropolitan Adelaide in 1972. Each family member's score on the Wilson and Patterson Conservatism Scale was compared with the scores of other members of his or her family. Using this within‐family analysis it was found, as predicted, that there were family resemblances in conservatism and that sons were less similar to their parents in conservatism than were daughters. There was no evidence to support same‐sex modeling. Results also suggested that the similarity of daughters to fathers was reduced in lower SES families. Parents were more conservative than their children and females were more conservative than males. Results were discussed in relation to developmental influences and to the literature on sex differen

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00179.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present paper sought to clarify the conceptual relationship between expectancy for personal control, stress, and behavioral reactions to stress. Expectancy for control was assessed as a personality characteristic of internal control; stress was experienced as strong environmental interruptions, disturbances, and unpredictable obstacles encountered during the performance of assigned tasks. Subjects were junior high school aged students who attempted to complete three academic type tasks during one of two levels of stress or a base line, no stress, condition. Analyses of the data included: (a) internal subjects were capable of sustaining task performance under high stress, but external students experienced performance decrements as stress increased; (b) time to complete the mathematics task reflected a facilitating effect of stress for internals but a debilitating effect for externals; (c) performance differences between internal and external students, in the absence of differences in reported anxiety, could be attributed to the stronger reward expectancies possessed by the internal individual. Interpretation of the data suggested an interactive relationship between type of stress (threat to ego vs. threat to instrumental performance) and expectancy for control in the influencing of behavior reactions to stress.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00180.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present experiment attempted to integrate the research on helpfulness in which subjects work for someone else in an artificial laboratory setting (Berkowitz&Daniels, 1963; Berkowitz, 1972) with the bystander‐intervention‐in‐emergencies studies often carried out under more realistic conditions (e.g., Latané&Darley, 1970; Schwartz&Clausen, 1970; Clark&Word, 1972). Fifty‐six university women in a 2 × 2 factorial design were led to think they were working for a same‐sex peer who could win a cash prize, although there was “nothing in it for them.” Half were told that the other's chance of getting the prize was greatly dependent upon their effort while the remaining participants were informed that the other did not need their‐work very much. Moreover, half of the subjects thought they were the only ones working for the other whereas the remaining people believed there were two other co‐workers and that the output from all three would be averaged. It was expected that the participants would feel the greatest personal responsibility to help the other and would work hardest for her when she was greatly dependent upon their productivity and they were the only worker, while the subjects would feel the lowest level of personal responsibility for their peer and would be least helpful to her when she was not particularly dependent upon them and there were two other co‐workers. The findings are generally in accord wi

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00181.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA correlation analysis of a heterogeneous sample of religiously active individuals provided two main findings. Firstly, persons determined to be more psychologically mature were found to be happier. This finding held for both a Maslovian measure of motivational maturation and for a measure of religious maturity developed by Allport. Secondly, the meaning of happiness, or at least the meaning of our measure of well‐being which we used to index this trait, appeared to change as individuals became more mature. For mature individuals moderator analyses indicated that apparently greater discrimination was made between simple well‐being and the basic acceptance of oneself. The personological tradition offers theoretically meaningful accounts of both this form of intrapsychic specificity as well as of the simpler more nomothetic relations of maturation and happin

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00182.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhen an act is interpreted as emotional, the responding individual generally is considered less responsible than if the act were interpreted as deliberate. This leads to the hypothesis that the self‐attribution of emotion will more likely occur when behavior has undesirable rather than desirable consequences. Three experiments were conducted to explore this hypothesis. In these experiments, the self‐attribution of emotion was assessed indirectly by having the subjects judge potentially arousing stimuli (e.g., nudes and corpses) after these stimuli had been associated with either failure or success on a problem‐solving task. As predicted, the nudes were judged more attractive and the corpses more disturbing when they were associated with failure. This tendency was most apparent among subjects who perceived the task to be a valid indication of intellectual ab

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00183.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeventy‐nine articles by critics in children's literature were described by rater‐analysts as projective expressions of personality. A cluster analysis of manifest content concerns, implicit needs, and critical stances produced four clusters: elucidation, appreciation, challenging, and upholding of standards. When the articles were plotted on a “map of criticism,” with the elucidation and appreciation dimensions as coordinates, style of criticism was found to vary from one area of the map to another. Articles from diagonal quadrants had attributed to them characteristics approximating the Jungian functions: thinking‐feeling and intuition‐sensation. Articles high on challenging and upholding also had distinctive characteristics. The distribution of articles on the map was associated with occupation, sex, and age of the critics. Criticism and related discursive writing seem to reflect personality in important and pervasive ways. An understanding of their connotations may be a useful tool in personality and social psychology. However, personality information from the critics themselves is obvio

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00184.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY