摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study of age‐related changes in memories of personally important encounters showed “developmental truths,” that is, patterns that converged with prior developmental theories and research. Participants were 47 males and 48 females in their early 20s. An average of 16 memories were collected from each person during an intensive personal interview. Memories were coded for age at the time of the episode, the identity of the other person with whom the study participant was interacting, what the participant wanted from the other person, and the outcome. As expected, memories of encounters with parents and about wanting help prevailed for childhood, whereas memories of encounters with close friends and about wanting intimacy prevailed by mid‐adolescence. Memories about wanting to help others were sparse for this young‐adult sample, but, like needs for intimacy, increased with age. Although patterns for males tended to be more dramatic than patterns for females, this trend appeared more attributable to actual developmental differences in social dynamics than to differences in the degree to which current concerns intruded into the memory process. The advantages of personally salient, event‐specific retrospective reports for understanding personality development and change ar

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00805.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn this study, we explored differences in personality and daily life experiences of traumatized (n= 26) versus nontraumatized (n= 30) college students. Study participants completed a variety of personality measures as well as a 28–day experience sampling study assessing daily activities, emotions, and physical health. Although not differing on general demographics, traumatized individuals reported more trait anxiety and lower self–esteem than nontraumatized individuals. They scored higher on Neuroticism, were more introverted, and were less emotionally stable than nontraumatized participants. Traumatized individuals also reported more cognitive disturbances, emotional blunting, and interpersonal withdrawal. They did not report being more depressed, but did endorse cognitive styles associated with heightened risk for depression. Earlier age of trauma was associated with more pathological outcomes: lower self–esteem and psychological well–being, more anxiety, more pessimism, and emotional constriction of positive mood. We compare this symptom profile to that of posttraumatic stress d

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00806.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRecent evidence suggests a larger role for personality determinants of the coping response than has been traditionally held. In the two studies presented here, we examined the influence of personality on the use of social support and other coping strategies in samples of undergraduate students. The first study surveyed a range of coping responses to naturally occurring stressors and found that Extraversion was related to social support seeking, optimism (identified as germane to coping in prior research) was related to problem solving, and both dispositions were negatively related to avoidance. The second study used an experimental approach and multiple personality measures to correct for possible methodological problems in the first. Extraversion again proved to be associated with help seeking; moreover, this relationship accounted for that of another disposition, self‐esteem—a construct considered crucial in the literature. The utility of personality variables, particularly Extraversion, in predicting and explaining the choice of a coping strategy is discus

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00807.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo studies examined the relationship between religious orthodoxy and the complexity of thinking about religious and nonreligious issues. In both studies, participants who were high or low in religious orthodoxy wrote a paragraph outlining their thoughts about a religious issue (life after death in Study 1; existence of God in Study 2) and/or a nonreligious issue (capital punishment in Study 1; free trade between Canada and the U.S. in Study 2). The results of both studies indicated that participants who were high in religious orthodoxy were less complex in their thinking about religious issues than those low in religious orthodoxy, but did not differ in the complexity of their thinking about nonreligious issues. These results do not support the notion that orthodoxly religious individuals are dispositionally inclined to think in simpler or more rigid ways overall, but they do suggest a tendency to think less complexly about religious issues.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00808.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTParkinson's disease patients (N= 41, mean age = 65 years) were described by themselves and their spouses as they were presently and before their illness using the Adjective Check List. Equivalent self‐ and spouse descriptions were obtained from the members of a matched community sample (N= 96). Descriptions of patients and their spouses converged, both reporting sharp, pervasive (e.g., on all of the Big Five dimensions), and uniformly negative change in personality. Similar, but much less marked change was found in the community sample. The data as a set suggest that the reported changes in the patients were veridical and that their magnitude was primarily the result of the disease rather than aging. Evidence of continuities in personality (for example, differential stability) was also noted. We argue that the illness accelerated and intensified changes normally expected in later lif

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00809.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHistorically, attitude theory and research has assumed that attitudes are largely unconflicted and unidimensional summary statements of feelings and beliefs. More recent work has reexamined this assumption (Thompson, Zanna,&Griffin, in press). The present article details two studies that continue to investigate this notion, examining antecedent variables assumed important in the genesis of attitudinal ambivalence. The first study focuses upon personality‐based factors such as individuals' Need for Cognition (NFC) and Personal Fear of Invalidity (PFI) (a heightened concern with error). The pattern of results was consistent with our predictions: High NFC was associated with less ambivalence and high PFI was associated with greater ambivalence. The second study investigated a domain‐specific antecedent. It was predicted that higher involvement would reduce the level of ambivalence experienced. Further, involvement was expected to moderate the effect of the personality‐based antecedents. Again, results confirmed our hypotheses

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00810.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study compares the predictive power of two models of moral judgment: (a) Kohlberg's model, which predicts stage consistency across varying content, and (b) a model that predicts variations in stage as a function of complex interactions between people and social contexts. Forty university students were asked to make and justify choices on three moral dilemmas—a dilemma involving the sale of defective merchandise (selling dilemma) and two dilemmas from Kohlberg's test of moral judgment. Half the participants made hypothetical choices on the selling dilemma; the other half were offered a selfish incentive—money—for concealing the defects in the merchandise. In support of the interactional model, (a) participants scored lower on the selling dilemma than on Kohlberg's test, (b) the monetary incentive affected moral choices, (c) participants justified the choice to conceal defects in the merchandise with significantly lower stage moral judgments than they invoked in support of the decision to disclose its defects, and (d) participants who upheld the choice to disclose supported it with higher stage justifications than those who rejected it. Surprisingly, however, participants who stood to make money disclosedmoreabout the defects in the article and charged less than participants who di

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00811.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn this study, the correlates of embarrassability, or chronic susceptibility to embarrassment, were examined. Competing theoretical models suggest either that embarrassable people should be especially concerned about others' evaluations of them or that they should lack social skills. Further, shyness and embarrassment are typically considered to be closely related states. To test these propositions, 310 participants provided extensive self‐reports of social skill, fear of negative evaluation, self‐esteem, self‐consciousness, and negative affectivity. Regression and factor analyses indicated that, compared to those of low embarrassability, highly embarrassable people are particularly concerned with the normative appropriateness of behavior and are more motivated to avoid rejection from others. In contrast, shyness was best predicted by low social self‐confidence and low social skill. The data best support a social‐evaluation model of embarrassment and argue that embarrassability is linked to the appropriateness of social behavior, and shyness to its effe

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00812.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY