摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present study was conducted to examine the dimensionality of overt Type A behaviors elicited in a simulated stressful work environment. University students played a managerial role while being subjected to time and work‐load pressures, and completed the Survey of Work Styles (SWS; Jackson&Gray, 1989). Eighteen behaviors, coded by two raters based on audiovisual recordings, yielded relatively high interrater reliabilities. Principal components analysis revealed four primary factors: Hurriedness, Irritability, Tension of the Lower Extremities, and Restlessness. These factors contribute to an understanding of Type A behavior in that they are the first to be derived from a purely observational approach rather than a combination of observational and self‐report methods. Consistent with previous research, differential correlations between the factors and the SWS subscales supported a multidimensional interpretation of the Type A behavior pattern. Present findings are compared to those of previous studies of Type A dimensional

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00919.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study investigates how frequency estimates of behaviors and trait‐related activities, trait ratings on unipolar scales, and trait ratings on bipolar scales reflect behavior observations. Four discussion groups, each with six participants, were videotaped while discussing controversial topics. On these tapes, 2,149 activities were identified, and the prototypicality of the activities for 16 behavior‐descriptive verbs and 8 trait‐descriptive adjectives was estimated. The prototypicality ratings were used to identify each disputant's frequency of discontinuing, unrelated, and confirming instances. These frequencies were then correlated with (a) act frequency estimates for the behavior categories (e.g., “X agreed … times”), (b) act frequency estimates for adverbially described activities (e.g., “X acted cooperatively … times”), (c) trait ratings on unipolar scales (e.g., “How cooperative is X?”), and (d) trait ratings on bipolar scales (e.g.,cooperative‐antagonistic). All global ratings except for the trait ratings on bipolar scales reflected differences in overall activity to some extent. With overall activity partialled out, however, more disconfirming and unrelated activities caused lower act frequency and trait ratings, whereas more confirming instance

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00920.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe influence of personality in 63 couples at the time of family formation on wives' work patterns 15 years later was examined in variable‐centered and person/couple‐centered ways. Four factor dimensions on the Adjective Check List assessed personality. Work patterns were assessed with measures of type, amount, and status of work and with schematic work narratives describing characters and plots abstracted from wives' mid‐life data. Hierarchical regression analyses showed individuality of husbands to affect work outcomes after wives' college‐age goals, their young adult personality, and the duration of marriages were taken into account. Conjoint high‐low patterns of individuality in 34 couples were associated with different schematic work stories. These stories show distinctive personality and relational correlates at age 27. They flesh out and qualify hypotheses that individualistic partners would be open to women's careers and would show revealing strategies of combining self‐ and other interests in the transition to

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00921.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis research ascertained the role of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational styles as predictors of behavioral persistence in a real‐life setting. At the beginning of the academic year, 1,042 first‐term junior‐college students enrolled in a compulsory college course completed a scale assessing intrinsic motivation, four styles of extrinsic motivation (namely, external regulation, introjection, identification, and integration), and amotivation toward academic activities. At the end of the semester, individuals who had dropped out of the course and those who had persisted were identified. Results showed that individuals who persisted in the course had reported at the beginning of the semester being more intrinsically motivated, more identified and integrated, and less amotivated toward academic activities than students who dropped out of the course. Gender differences also emerged. These revealed that f

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00922.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWe examined stability and level of self‐esteem as predictors of excuse making; the extent to which self‐ratings of stability are related to a statistical index of self‐esteem stability; and the relations between stability and certainty of self‐esteem and a variety of other psychological constructs. Regarding excuse making, our findings indicated that for high self‐esteem individuals, instability was related to greater excuse making following success, but not following failure. However, for low self‐esteem individuals, instability was related to greater excuse making following failure, but not following success. Other findings indicated that self‐ratings of stability were only minimally related to a statistical measure of stability based on repeated assessments of self‐esteem obtained in naturalistic contexts. Finally, stability of self‐esteem was not significantly correlated with certainty of self‐esteem. In addition, the pattern of correlations that emerged between certainty and other constructs suggested that uncertainty reflects the phenomenal experience of a tenuous self‐view. On the other hand, stability of self‐esteem appears to reflect the extent to which one's self‐view is malleable, which may not be completely available to conscious awareness. Our discussion focuses on the nature of self‐esteem stability and the roles of stability and level of self‐esteem in r

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00923.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTomkins's “script theory” was employed for personological inquiry into the ways that individuals organize their experience. This theory posits that individuals' experiences are organized by ideo‐affective construals or “scripts.” This thesis was examined by first extracting emotional incidents or “scenes' from the autobiographical reports of 10 individuals, and then deriving from these scenes the abstract sequential rules or “scripts” for handling scenes. One month following this assessment, the individuals were asked to create stories to affective stimuli in order to assess whether the scripts derived from this source would be parallel to those generated in the autobiographical memories. A matching task determined that the individuals' ways of interpreting the affective stimuli indeed reflected the same scripts as those which appeared in their autobiographical memories. While particular script elements appeared to be person‐specific, the general parameters of scripts were sometimes shared by various individuals. Avenues for future methodological developments and theoretical inquir

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00924.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDifferences between scientists and practitioners have been one of the most consistent and controversial topics throughout the history of American psychology. Even though many qualitative arguments and indirect quantitative studies have been offered in the literature, scientist and practitioner personality perspectives have never been measured directly. We have done so in this study, and we argue that these differences can be conceptualized within a personality framework. Results of our study demonstrate that interest in scientist activities and interest in practitioner activities were both predicted by theoretical orientations and vocational personality styles. Scientist and practitioner interests were predicted by these variables in opposite directions. We conclude by noting that while the conflict between scientist and practitioner personality styles is often said to be solvable by appropriate education, training models provide only partial solutions. It would be useful for training models to examine the role of personality differences in scientist‐practitioner orientations in order to design realistic programs and objective

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00925.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY