ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTheories, data, methodological and conceptual problems concerning the study of gender differences in the development of defenses, emotional expression, recognition, and experiences are reviewed Data indicate gender differences in several areas of emotional functioning, including nonverbal sensitivity, expressiveness, self‐reports of anger, fear, and sadness, the quality of defenses, and cognitive correlates of recognition abilities Studies suggest that with development, boys increasingly inhibit the expression and attribution of most emotions, whereas girls increasingly inhibit the expression and recognition of socially unacceptable emotions, e g, anger These differences may be a function of different socialization processes for males and females, which may be adaptations to innate gender differences in temperament, or adaptations to existing sociocultural pressuresThe present paper argues that emotions motivate and regulate adaptive behaviors, and that researchers must explore gender differences in emotional development as a function of different familial, sociocultural, and interpersonal roles to which males and females must ada

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSex differences in proneness to depression and paranoia are seen as reflecting caricatures of women s and men's stereotypical role in a male‐dominated, exploitative society Following its major hypothesis that mental illness arises out of failures in the sociability that is inherent in our species, the paper discusses some of the evidence for sex differences in sociability, and some evidence from studies of sex differences in field dependence which, taken together, suggest a sex difference in proneness to shame and guilt This sex difference in ‘superego” style is a mediating factor in proneness to depression and pa

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent data demonstrate that, although gender has an impact upon the experience of being a victim of an intimate s violence, there is no particular personality pattern that leads one to become a victim Rather, women— who are socialized to adapt and submit, and who are likely to become victims of men's sexual violence or physical abuse—may not develop adequate self‐protection skills as children, especially if they come from childhood homes in which females are victimized, leading to a later vulnerability to physical and sexual abuse Men, however, socialized to express anger and aggression in an outward manner, learn to model the abuse witnessed or experienced in childhood and often learn that women are the appropriate’ recipients of this violenceSocial learning theories of modeling and aggression are used to explain how such personality patterns develop, and the theory of learned helplessness is used to explain battered women s coping responses to their partners’ abusive behavior The extreme situation, in which a battered woman kills her partner in self‐defense, is analyzed in order to understand women victims sense of desperation and entrapment in severely abusive relationships and the extent to which their behaviors are in reaction to the abuse perpetrated

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe study of gender attributes, masculinity and femininity, has comprised a major research program in twentieth‐century psychology Historical examination reveals that this research program has produced not cumulative discovery but a pattern of repetition and reification Researchers have repeatedly attempted to ensure the reality of masculinity and femininity, and have even introduced methodological techniques that privilege their observational statements on that reality Similar patterns have occurred in the case of androgyny research, despite expectations that the androgyny construct would remedy the shortcomings of masculinity and femininity concepts When analyzed in historical context, these gender concepts are found to share ethnopsychological origins—roots in social practices and prescriptions Contextual analysis also provides telling details about researchers normative interests If we choose to terminate such fruitless ventures and to generate novel understandings of the social world, then we must undertake critical self‐appraisal and adopt a new metatheoretical gro

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe question of whether Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is a complete and coherent view of development in males and females is considered After a thorough review of Erikson's views on the role of sex in psychosocial development, the authors suggest that an important element is neglected in Erikson's account of personality development in both sexes That is, due to his focus on issues of identity, Erikson does not account fully for the development of intimacy or other expressions of interpersonal attachment The authors conclude that the major shortcoming of Erikson's theory is not, as some feminists have argued, that it is a male theory but that it fails to account adequately for the processes of interpersonal attachment that are essential to the development of both males and females Preliminary elements of a two‐path model of development are propos

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe examine the lives and growth processes of women who have achieved considerable development of personality Subjects of study are seven women in a longitudinal sample who, at ages 42–45, are classified by the Loevinger Sentence Completion Test at the highest ego‐levels As a way of describing their lives, all seven are analyzed in terms of Levinson's model of male development, one case is presented in terms of Gilligan's model of female development, another in terms of Loevinger's general model, and linkages among theories are observed Characteristics of Loevinger'sautonomousstage are illustrated and the extent to which they are gender‐related is discussed Findings show that women with very different personalities, problems, and ways of life can attain a high level of ego‐development, that their lives tend not to have been orthodox or easy, and that theories of adult development are useful but uneven in app

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractModels of gender differences in achievement were examined to explore their accuracy and redundancy Self‐reports of successes and failures of females and males were content analyzed The eight dimensions postulated by Bakan (1966, agentic‐communal), Stem and Bailey (1973, task‐social), Kipins (1974, other‐directed, inner‐directed), and Veroff (1977, impact‐process) were collapsed into only two dimensions using factor analysis A domain dimension was used to consider the task (agentic) vs social (communal) nature of the achievement activities that were undertaken A performance evaluation dimension referred to whether people used intrinsic (inner‐directed, process) or extrinsic (other‐directed, impact) factors in evaluating their performance Analyses using measures of sex role identification, and the stereotypic masculinity or femininity of subjects’ achievements suggested (1) Sex role stereotypes are intimately related to the domains of achievement goals, however, women and men did not differ in the kinds of activities (domains) that they reported, and (2) women (intrinsic) and men (extrinsic) differed in how they defined success and failure, but these performance evaluation styles were not strongly related to sex r

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1Individual differences in moral development are examined, with a particular emphasis on sex and gender differences This examination includes an extensive review of the empirical and theoretical literature in psychology on morality Based on this review, it is concluded that sex differences occur with less frequency and with a less systematic favoring of males than is predicted by several theories of moral development In addition, a study is presented which considers the relation of sex, gender, and personality to morality Two age cohort samples, college sophomores (n= 169) and adults (n= 151), were assessed with the moral judgment scale of the cognitive‐developmental model (Kohlberg, 1984) and a newly developed moral character template of the personological model (Lifton, in Press) Participants also completed the CPI and MMPI personality inventories Results of the study indicate (1) the absence of sex differences for either model, (2) the presence of gender differences favoring masculine persons for the cognitive‐developmental but not personological model, and (3) that individual differences in moral development parallel individual differences in personality development The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to Gilligan's (1982) claim that men and women differ in their moral orientations Finally, it is argued that an individual difference approach, particularly one that emphasizes personality, would prove useful for future research on moral develop

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research on the correlates of power motivation in women and men had shown no gender differences, when the presence of younger siblings (reflecting responsibility training) was used as a moderator variable This study reports development of an empirically derived direct TAT measure of responsibility as a moderator variable for the power motive The new measure includes mention of legal or moral standards, obligation concern about others, concern about consequences, and self‐judgment It is related to perceived parental expectations concerning responsibility Among women and men high in responsibility, power motivation predicts responsible social power actions, but among women and men low in responsibility, power motivation predicts a variety of profligate, impulsive actions Responsibility then, rather than gender, appears to determine the ways in which the power motive is express

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY