摘要:

AbstractThe present study investigated people's variability across situations by getting ratings of 66 subjects on 14 bipolar dimensions from at least eight interactants, chosen for their diversity. The intercorrelation of single ratings yielded a mean coefficient of .221. The correlation of single ratings with the aggregate of the other ratings for a dimension resulted in a mean coefficient of .388. The correlation of two sets of aggregated ratings gave a mean coefficient of .550, or .710 with application of the Spearman‐Brown correction. Finally, computation of Cronbach's alpha gave a mean coefficient of .735. The results provide a further demonstration of the coherence that can be revealed by aggregation. Correlations of aggregated ratings on each of the 14 dimensions with extraversion ranged up to .668, and correlations with neuroticism ranged up to .410. The study suggests that there is a dispositionality in the characteristics people display, and that the emphasis on variability (e.g., Mischel, 1968; Mischel&Peake, 1982) should be tempere

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00353.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article deals with the selection of items in a self‐report test that measures a broad trait. There is an inherent conflict between selecting items that maximize internal consistency and ones that contribute to breadth. Alternative procedures, including criterion keying, combining homogeneous subscales, and construction of scales with divergent items with modest relations to the whole scale scores, were discussed. Although not included among recommended procedures by modern test theory, the latter approach has much to recommend it under appropriate circumstances. The discussion of psychometric principles was generalized to the person‐situation deb

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00354.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research has found mixed support for the possibility that locus of control moderates the effects of life stress on depression. Two methodological choices may have influenced previous findings: the use of a unidimensional rather than a multidimensional locus of control scale, and reliance on linear statistical methods using median splits. We attempted to correct these choices by using the Levenson IPC scale (1974) and multiple regression analyses in a female undergraduate population (N= 158). The results supported use of a multidimensional scale, since Stress, Internality, and Powerful Others were Found to have main effects on depression whereas Chance interacted with life stress. The question of whether locus of control refers to responsibility for causing an event, i.e., self‐blame, or belief in control over future events, i.e., coping behavior, was discusse

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00355.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractElementary school children between the ages of eight and thirteen were administered the Children's Nowicki/Strickland Locus of Control Scale annually for three years. As predicted, children's mean locus of control scores were found to be significantly different from one age group to the next (cross‐sectional analysis) as well as from one year to the next (longitudinal analysis). Older children had significantly more internal scores than did younger children, and the same 97 children demonstrated significant increases in internal perceptions over each succeeding year. No significant sex differences were observed in this generally linear developmental trend. The study supports the hypothesis that increases in internal perceptions are associated with growing older. The data are explained using a confluent theoretical perspective drawing upon cognitive as well as behavioral theor

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00356.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFemale, male, and mixed‐sex dyads in which one member was assigned the leader role interacted and rated their own dominance throughout the interaction. The effects of gender and romantic attachment status (whether one has an exclusive dating partner or is “unattached” and free to go out with someone new) upon these self‐ratings of dominance within the interaction were examined. The results showed that both leaders and subordinates perceived female leaders to be less dominant than male leaders.In addition, members of mixed‐sex pairs rated themselves as less dominant than did those in same‐sex pairs. Female leaders paired with males rated themselves least dominant and unattached female leaders interacting with males rated themselves least dominant of all. Female subordinates rated themselves as less dominant when with male leaders than when with female leaders, while the effect of the gender of the leader was insignificant for male subordinates. The results are discussed as evidence of a role conflict created by the contradictory roles of “dominant” leader and “subordinate” female, roles described by the sex role stereotypes preva

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00357.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn investigation was conducted into the relation between self‐monitoring and the ability to interpret vocal expression and to communicate empathy in a dyadic interaction. In the first part of the study, participants who had completed Snyder's Self‐Monitoring (SM) Scale were tested for their ability to interpret the intended meaning in 20 recorded sentences in which the speaker, by changing voice Intonation, inflection, and affective presentation, conveyed a particular meaning to each sentence (Inferred Meanings Test). In the second part of the study, each participant was asked to submit a 3‐minute segment of an audio tape that best demonstrated his or her empathic expression in a dyadic interaction. The tapes were transcribed and raters judged each transcript for the participant's verbal expression of empathy and genuineness. The results showed a significant positive relation between self‐monitoring and the ability to decode vocal cues correctly. This finding appears to support the claim that high self‐monitoring individuals are better able than are low self‐monitoring individuals to interpret the vocal expression of others. When self‐monitoring scores were correlated with the ratings of the participants’ tapes for empathy/genuineness, a significant inverse relation was found. Thus, high self‐monitoring individuals appeared less able to impress raters as being genuinely empathic. The results of the study are discussed in the context of self‐monitoring and its relation to the ability to interpret others’ emotional expression as well as the relation of self‐monitorin

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00358.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo experiments were performed to determine how desires and expectations interact to influence the intensities of emotional feelings. The first experiment required participants to respond to their imagined intensities of desire and expectation in two hypothetical situations, (1) anticipating different probabilities of receiving money (2) anticipating the possibility of different durations of continuous rain combined with different probabilities of rain occurring. Participants responded by producing line lengths to desire and feeling, a form of cross‐modality matching. Feeling intensity but not desire intensity increased as a negatively accelerating power function of expectation for thepositive approachgoal of receiving money (F =KE0.5) and both desire and feeling were negatively accelerating power functions of the hypothetical amount of money presented (F=K$4;D=K$4). Feeling intensity but not desire intensity increased as a positively accelerating function of expectation for thenegative avoidancegoal of anticipating different amounts of rain (F=KE1.9) and both desire and feeling were negatively accelerating functions of amount of rain (F=KR0.9;D=KR0.9).The second experiment required participants to make visual analogue scale responses to desire, expectation, and emotional feeling intensities in ordinary life situations. Similar to Experiment 1, feeling intensity but not desire intensity increased as a negatively accelerating function of expectation forpositive approachgoals (F=KE0.6) and as a positively accelerating function of expectation fornegative avoidancegoals (F=KE2.0). Functional interrelationships found in both experiments were fit to the general equationsF=K1D+K2DE0.5forpositive approachgoals andF=K1D+K2DE2.0fornegative avoidancegoals. Both equations have the same general form and indicate that desire and expectation have a multiplicative interaction with respect to their influence on emotional feeling intensity. Both functio

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY