ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00056.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOne hundred thirty‐two male and female college undergraduates were randomly assigned to three different arousal conditions‐sex, anxiety, laughter‐and a nonaroused control, as a test of the hypothesis that aggressive and sexual imagery would appear only under conditions of sexual arousal. The subjects wrote four TAT stories, two to male‐dominant pictures and two to female‐dominant As predicted, the sexually aroused subjects wrote stories higher in sexual and aggressive imagery than did those in the other two arousal conditions, and the scores of those in the anxiety and laughter conditions were not significantly different from the controls'.The results are discussed in terms of a connection between sex and aggression. Hull's theory of drive level and Schachter and Singer's nonspecific arousal are rejected as explanations for the results. Support is also given to earlier findings in

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAn experiment was conducted in a skills training center with a sample of 28 Black female trainees The effects of variations in type (person‐ vs. achievement‐oriented) and frequency (75% vs. 25%) of praise were ascertained on favorableness of selfimage and task performance. It was found that, in general, lower frequencies of praise produced more positive self‐evaluations than high frequencies of praise, and that person‐oriented praise was more effective than achievement‐oriented praise in enhancing self‐evaluation A significant interaction found for “myself as male friends see me” demonstrated that (a) at a 75 percent frequency of reinforcement, person‐oriented praise was significantly more effective than performance‐oriented praise, and (b) performance‐focused praise delivered at a 25 percent frequency enhanced subjects' self‐image significantly more than performance‐oriented praise given at a 75 percent level. No significant effects were found for the accuracy‐type tasks (work recognition, visual perceptiveness) On the task which involved a simple, speeded response (manual dexterity) there were significant effects (a) achievement‐oriented praise was more effective than person‐oriented praise, (b) a significant interaction between type and frequency of praise occurred, indicating that performance‐oriented praise is most effectiv

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySubjects were randomly assigned to one of four schedules of outcomes on a problem solving task ascending, descending, constant success, and constant failure As predicted by White's theory of competence motivation, constant success subjects showed a sharp drop in desire to persist over time, interpreted as satiation of competence motivation Ascending subjects showed significantly more persistence than constant success subjects, with descending and constant failure subjects falling between these two conditions No differences on the final measure were found among conditions for liking for the task and attributions of causality, although significant differences between ascending and descending subjects were obtained on the difference scores, with ascending subjects showing more positive change than descending m liking and internal causality, from the first to the second measure

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySubjects worked at a 10‐item Anagrams Test. In a manipulative control condition the prior performance of subjects on a set of practice anagrams was controlled so that half of these subjects began the test with high expectations of success and half with low expectations of success As a check on the manipulation, subjects provided ratings of how confident they were that they could pass the test (i e, solve five anagrams or more) In a selective control condition subjects were not given practice items but were subsequently assigned to high versus low expectation groups on the basis of their confidence ratings The difficulty level of the items in the Anagrams Test was manipulated so that half the subjects in each condition passed the test and half failed. Subsequently all subjects were required to rate the degree to which they considered ability (or lack of ability), effort (or lack of effort), task difficulty (easy or hard), and luck (good or bad) were causes of their performance outcome (success or failure). It was found that the expected success was attributed more to ability and less to good luck than was the unexpected success The expected failure was attributed more to lack of ability and less to bad luck than was the unexpected failure There was a greater tendency for subjects to appeal to task difficulty and effort as causes of their performance when they succeeded than when they failed. These results were discussed in terms of a structural balance model of attribution behavior and also in relation to Heider's naive analysis of the causes of acti

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn this study, the “control of reinforcement” dimension was used to generate differential predictions about subject responsiveness to subtle social influence and experimenter effectiveness in producing change in verbal behavior As predicted, “external” control subjects, selectively reinforced in a sentence construction task, evidenced significantly greater performance gains than “internal” subjects When reports of awareness were used to further subdivide subjects, it was found that aware externals accounted for the conditioning effect whereas aware internals, unaware subjects, and controls were comparable and showed essentially no change in performance These differences were interpreted as being due to the internal's resistiveness to subtle forms of influence. The anticipated experimenter effect was nonsignificant Consideration of the control of reinforcement dimension as an important determinant of responsiveness to social influence in certain situations wa

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00061.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary329 students were asked to join a companionship program for mental hospital patients. It was expected that the relationship between humanitarian attitudes and intention to participate would be stronger for subjects with benign beliefs than for subjects with unfavorable beliefs about patients The findings were (a) subjects’ intentions corresponded to their later joining (p<.001), and were unrelated to social desirability, (b) general helping and social‐responsibility attitudes correlated higher than did specific beliefs about patients, with willingness to become a companion, (c) attitude‐intention correlations were greatest for subjects with neutral beliefs, andweakestfor subjects with benign beliefs (upsetting the main hypothesis), (d) the same pattern of correlations obtained in subgroups trichotomized on the basis of another scale (ostensibly unrelated to volunteering for companionship) which had an authoritarian component. Result (d) suggests that a personality factor, not beliefs about patients, moderated variations in the attitude‐intention rela

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00062.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe consistently positive relationship between initial riskiness and perceived influence obtained in past work led us to speculate that (1) the deliberative effort involved in making a choice increases with its riskiness, as a result (2) individuals who select a risky course of action will be more committed to their choice than conservative individuals, and (3) the former will be more influential in group decisions. The following support was obtained for these conjectures When individuals had to select a reaction time interval to beat, those who were risky, that is, who selected a short interval, were more confident in having chosen wisely, were less likely to feel they might change their choice given the opportunity, and took longer to make their choice than those who were conservative, that is, who selected a long interval The first two of these measures were assumed to reflect commitment to the choice, and the third was taken as a rough indication of the amount of effort involved in choosing A group decision was also made regarding the reaction time interval It tended to be riskier than that preferred by the average individual prior to the decision if the riskiest member was more committed and/or expended more effort in choosing than his partners, on the other hand, it tended to be more conservative than the average prior preference if the most conservative member was more committed and or expended more effort

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00063.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPrevious research has shown that retaliation can be an effective means of restoring equity to the relationship between a harm‐doer and his victim The present study investigated the equity restoring properties of two components of retaliation the harm‐doer “paying the price” for his harmful act, and the victim being given an opportunity to inflict harm Equity was restored to the relationship between the harm‐doer and his victim when the harm‐doer believed that his victim would be given an opportunity to inflict harm either upon the harm‐doer or a neutral party When the harm‐doer was led to believe that he would be retaliated against by someone other than his victim, equity restoration did not occur. The suggestion was made that the crucial factor in equity restoration may be the way in which the harm‐doer thinks the relationship is vi

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00064.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryTwo experiments are reported which examine causal attributions in achievement‐related contexts Subjects were provided with information about an achievement‐related activity (the immediate outcome of the action, percentage of prior success and failure at the same and similar tasks, percentage of success and failure of others, time spent at the task, task structure, and whether the achievement activity was undertaken by oneself or others) The subjects were required to attribute the immediate performance outcome (success or failure) to the causal factors of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck The data revealed that the achievement cues were systematically utilized both as main effects and in configural patterns Included among the significant findings were that success is more likely to be attributed to internal factors (ability and effort) than is failure, consistency with the performance of others results in task ascriptions, whereas inconsistency is attributed to ability, effort and luck, and consistency with one's own past performance is ascribed to ability and task difficulty, while inconsistent outcomes give rise to luck and effort attributions Individual data analyses revealed considerable systematic yet idiosyncratic usage of the achievement information The results suggest a confounding in the locus of control literature, and new directions for the study of achievement motiva

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00065.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY