摘要:

A word association test which included aggressive stimuli (weapon names) was given to college students. Those whose responses were relatively high or low in emotionality were asked to participate in a “study of stress reactions to electric shock” When the subject arrived at the laboratory, he and a partner were given tasks to perform The partner, a confederate of the experimenter, gave the subject an unfairly high number of shocks in judging the subject's performance The subject then judged the partner's work, using shock Half the subjects were in the apparently accidental presence of guns when given the chance to retaliate Among low‐emotionality subjects, the presence of guns increased the number of shocks given the partner, as Berkowitz and LePage found High‐emotionality subjects tended to give the partner longer shocks than low subjects, whether guns were present or not. In contrast to the low subjects, when guns were present, highs tended to give shocks of shorter duration and to report lowered anger, as if the aggressive stimuli had dampened the intensity of their reaction. The results as a whole indicate that the perceptual set for aggressive stimuli and the presence of such stimuli have an interactive effect on aggressive te

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00034.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe experiment tested the hypothesis that cognitive dissonance has a general drive arousal component which facilitates performance on simple cognitive tasks and impairs performance on complex cognitive tasks After writing a consonant or a dissonant essay dealing with proposed changes in university parking regulations, subjects were given either a simple or a complex task (rote memory or creativity). To maximize dissonance, free choice regarding participation was deliberately emphasized, resulting in a high proportion of subjects who refused to comply with the request Data from refusers were retained and compared with data obtained from compliers Appropriate control groups were employed in order to ascertain whether the results were attributable to the process of self‐selection among complier and refuser subjectsThe dissonance manipulation was successful subjects who wrote dissonant essays subsequently displayed more favorable attitudes toward the parking proposal Their performance on complex cognitive tasks was not unpaired, however, nor did they perform better on simple cognitive tasks than did subjects who experienced no dissonance Subjects who refused to write dissonant essays did better on the complex task than subjects who complied in either the consonant or dissonant conditions Data from the control groups indicated that refusers did not differ from compliers in their initial attitudes toward the proposal nor in their ability to perform the complex cognitive task The results seem to be due to the facilitating effects of refusing to comply with the dissonance instructions, and suggest that the practice of eliminating subjects who refuse to comply may result in the loss of some highly informative da

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00035.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryBased on the assumption that an individual's behavioral intentions mediate the relationship between his attitudes and behaviors, an attempt was made to obtain a direct assessment of (a) subjects' intentions with regard to a series of acts varying in behavioral thresholds and (b) the perceived instrumentality of these acts for achieving one's goals After the reliability of the Intentions Scale was established, it was combined multiplicatively with ratings of perceived effectiveness to form a combined Action Potential Index (AP) The index resulted in significantly greater predictive validity than a conventional attitude assessment instrument.A second study was undertaken to determine the consistency of the AP‐index across issues. The high correlations obtained for the AP‐index across three issues suggested the operation of an “activism” personality d

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySubjects participated in two immediately consecutive experiments In the first, they either experienced a deception and debriefing, learned about deception in the abstract, did not learn about deception In the second, they either did or did not hear a reference to the possibility of a deception in that experiment A measure of incidental learning of the message in the second experiment showed that experiencing deception and learning about it in the abstract were not functionally equivalent, that only experiencing deception tended to produce absolute bias, that this bias was probably caused by “vigilance” rather than by “negativism,” that the reference to deception before the second experiment did not itself cause bias, and that the reference eliminated the difference in performance due to experiencing a deception as opposed to only learning about it in the abstract Furthermore, suspiciousness and the reported legitimacy of deception were positively related to each other at the group mean level Separating out their contribution to experimental performance showed that they complexly interacted to determine performance. These results were discussed with reference to the fear that subjects who have heard about deception from friends might perform differently from subjects who have not, with reference to the necessity for deception in some attitude change research, with reference to one alternative to deception, and with reference to explanations of why some experiments have shown no relationship between suspiciousness and experimental performance while others have shown a negative rela

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryTwo experiments explored the effects of self‐other discrepancies in attitude or status on judgments of another's desirability as a companion It was found that increasing discrepancy in status or attitudes led to lower judgments of compatibility and liking In one experiment, similarity of attitudes of another was found to correlate with liking him, desire to befriend him, do favors for him, and possibly conform to him. The contribution of some personality measures to the relationship between similarity and anticipated compatibility was a major focus of the study The inhibitory effect of a target's status discrepancy was more pronounced for subjects who were more sensitive to rejection Also, between targets of equally discrepant status, there was a general preference to affiliate with the one whose status was higher than the one whose status was lower–an effect which was even more pronounced for subjects who were sensitive to rejection More anxious subjects judged themselves as generally less acceptable to others, particularly to others of higher status. When predicting attitudes on the basis of limited information, females showed a greater tendency than males to see others as similar to themselves Finally, persons holding different attitudes from one's own were judged as more harmful socially, a bias which was more pronounced in females than in ma

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySeveral investigators have argued that the conflicting findings concerning the relationship between self‐esteem and persuasibility may be resolved by considering the difficulty or complexity of the persuasive communication presented to subjects The present experiment is directed at testing the hypothesis that the quality of persuasive communications rather than difficulty determines the form of the self‐esteem‐persuasibility relationship.Three hundred thirty‐six persons rated the quality and difficulty of 17 communications used in previous studies Results supported the hypothesis that persuasive communications that found negative monotonic relationships between self‐esteem and persuasibility were rated lower in quality (but equal in difficulty) than communications which produced nonmonotonic or positive monotonic relationships between the two

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPatients’ Machiavellian orientations were compared to their reputations among the staff as manipulators, helpers, or model patients. For both acute and chronic patients, Machiavellianism was consistently found to relate significantly to the manipulator reputation and not to the other reputations The relationships held for patients diagnosed psychotic as well as nonpsychotic. These findings support the propositions that mental patients attempt to manipulate the staff in their everyday contact with them and that manipulation constitutes one of the major adaptive styles employed by patients The relationships were demonstrated more reliably in group treatment programs than in an individual treatment program Expected differences in the relationships according to birth order were not found Machiavellian social desirability significantly related to the helper and model patient reputations for acute patients, suggesting its potential value as a dispositional variable als

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryNinety‐six male and 44 female college students gave written continued associations for 2 minutes to each of 24 stimulus words and then completed the Remote Associates Test and the Revised Art Scale No significant relationship was found between the creativity measures for either sex Few relationships, differing for males and females, were found between the creativity measures and associative productivity or uniqueness Productivity and uniqueness were found to be substantially related, and common responses occurred earlier in time than unique responses The properties of the stimulus words (frequency, form class, and slope of associative hierarchy) had marked effects on response productivity and uniquenessThe study confirms the strong impact of stimulus properties on associative productivity and demonstrates similar effects on uniqueness The creativity data, yielding weaker and less consistent relationships, are in keeping with a specificity theory but lend only limited support to Mednick's associative hypothese

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe present study was designed to test the hypothesis that autonomic change is part of the identification process in a non‐stressful paradigm Simulated taped interviews were prepared varying the dimensions of amount of work and success in college Emotional expression by the interviewees was kept to a minimum. College subjects responded with a significantly larger number of nonspecific GSRs to a tape identified by them as being more like themselves than to a tape identified as being less like themselves The nonsignificant comparisons of tapes were discussed in terms of the importance of cognitive activity on autonomic responsivi

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00042.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAn experiment was conducted to test the importance of self‐esteem in the arousal of cognitive dissonance. Recently, Aronson (1969) suggested that the reason an attitude‐discrepant speech can arouse dissonance is that it is an indecent act committed by an individual who likes to think of himself as a good and decent person. Looking at counterattitudinal behavior as a discrepancy with one's self‐concept rather than as a logical discrepancy between behavioral and attitudinal cognitions differs from Festinger and Carlsnuth's (1959) original notion In the experiment reported, subjects volunteered to take a personality inventory and received either neutral, very favorable, or very unfavorable feedback In this way, subjects' level of self‐esteem was raised or lowered Following this procedure, subjects were induced to record a speech that was known to be discrepant with their private beliefs. They were offered either a small or a large inducement for their statements. It was predicted that, regardless of their level of self‐esteem, subjects would manifest the inverse relationship between incentive magnitude and attitude change predicted by dissonance theory The major analysis of the results, and the concomitant internal analysis, generally supported the prediction With one qualification, the results were held to be consistent with Festinger and Carlsmith's version of dissonance arousal and inconsistent with the self‐est

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00043.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY