摘要:

ABSTRACTThis research investigated how estimations of subjectively experienced emotion and estimations of displayed emotion varied with the familiarity of the target person Subjects imagined themselves, a close friend, a moderate friend, or a casual acquaintance in a series of brief affect‐eliciting situations, and then estimated the degree to which the designated person would both feel and display specific emotions Subjects consistently estimated that people, including themselves, would feel more emotion than they displayed This discrepancy between experienced feeling and displayed feeling increased as a linear function of familiarity with the person The amount of undisplayed affect–the estimated “secret self”–was generally smallest for a casual acquaintance, greater for a moderate friend, still greater for a close friend, and greatest of all for the self The magnitude of this familiarity effect, however, varied with the social desirability of the emotion If an emotion was socially desirable, subjects estimated that familiar persons would both feel the emotion more and display it more than less familiar others would If an emotion was socially undesirable, subjects also estimated that familiar others would feel it more than unfamiliar others would However, they estimated that familiar and less familiar others would display socially undesirable emotions to about the same degree, and estimated that they themselves would display these emotions significantly less than others Consequently, although subjects always

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00452.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study examined age‐related trends in adolescents' view of sincerity and of honesty towards oneself Subjects were 84 high school students in grades 8 to 12 (age range 12‐18) Semistructured interviews with preplanned probes were used and analyzed using content categories reflecting different emphases on disclosing “facts” versus internal events (for sincerity) and on recognizing conflicts with others versus recognizing internal divisions (for honesty towards oneself) Results indicate clear age trends on these two dimensions and a close association between them The age trends suggest that for the younger adolescent, being “genuine” consists mainly in disclosing facts that are in principle accessible to others For the older adolescent, being genuine more frequently implies recognizing and expressing one's “true” nature The findings are discussed both in light of recent research on the development of self‐understanding and as challenging traditional paradigms of

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00453.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIt is proposed that defense mechanisms may be characterized as forming a hierarchy, from least to most complex, and that the lowest level defenses emerge early in life, while the more complex defenses emerge later in development Three defenses–Denial, Projection and Identification–were chosen to test this assumption A method for assessing the use of these defenses in Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories was developed and validated in a study of four age groups preschool, elementary school, early adolescent, and late adolescent The results of the study were consistent with the prediction Denial was used most frequently by preschool children, and decreased in use thereafter Identification was used minimally by preschool children but increased steadily through adolescence The use of Projection was most frequent in the two middle age groups Some evidence for sex differences, based on the internal/external orientation of the defense, also was f

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00454.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe formation of ego identity through exploration of alternatives and formation of commitments is a central issue in the transition from adolescence to adulthood (Erikson, 1959, Waterman, 1982) In 59 adults ranging in age from 18 to 30, independent identity scales were found to be positively correlated with age The construct of openness to experience was hypothesized to account for individual differences in identity development As predicted, openness to experience was positively correlated with ratings of current and past identity exploration, and negatively related to intensity of identity commitment A comparison of two methods of measuring ego identity showed that identity rating scales provide a more differentiated assessment of psychosocial development than does the identity status scoring method

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00455.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo studies evaluate the role of self‐esteem in the depressive attributional style In the first study, college students completed four measures of depression, four measures of self‐esteem, and the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) Regression analyses revealed that across measures, self‐esteem was a better predictor of attributional style for negative events than was depression In study two, psychiatric inpatients completed a measure of self‐esteem, a measure of depression, and the ASQ In this clinical sample, self‐esteem and depression were highly correlated and both predicted ASQ scores But when variation in depth of depression and social desirability were removed statistically from the association between self‐esteem and attributions for negative outcomes, there remained a significant association between self‐esteem and internal, stable, and global attributions for negative outcomes Controlling for the variation in self‐esteem eliminated the relation between depression and depressive attributional style These findings demonstrate the importance of self‐esteem in depressive attributional style in both normal and clinical populations, as well as potential differences in the relations among self‐esteem, depression, and attributional style in clinical v

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00456.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe present investigation is a reanalysis of data from Antill and Cunningham (1979,1980) consisting of responses to five Masculinity‐Femininity (MF) instruments, two self‐esteem instruments, and two social desirability instruments The present study examined recently developed models of the MF/ esteem relation and the influence of social desirability on this relation The unique contribution of Masculinity (M) to esteem was consistently more positive than that of Femininity (F) which was either ml or negative, did not vary with sex as posited by sex‐typed models, and did not interact with F as posited by interactive androgyny models Partialing out the effects of social desirability failed to alter the general pattern of results In contrast to esteem, social desirability was more correlated with F than M, and these findings were consistent with the observation that esteem items may reflect stereotypically masculine characteristics whereas social desirability items reflect stereotypically feminine characteristics The findings of the present study, and those of previous research, were examined in relation to important methodological issues that have been largely ignored by previous research in thi

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00457.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFemale and male college students (N= 251 and 84, respectively) described important accomplishments in their lives and reported attributions for the causes of their success Regression analyses indicated that, as predicted, students' gender explained a small portion of the variance in attributions, and the goals and performance standards of the students' achievement experiences (achievement orientations) accounted for more variance in attributions than did the other predictors Further analyses showed that the domains of students' accomplishments affected their attributions to effort luck, and ability, and that students' achievement goals and performance evaluation standards predicted their attributions to task difficulty, effort, and ability Researchers are urged to explore attributions made concerning self‐selected achievements, and to focus on variables other than sex in their search for the determinants of achievement attributio

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00458.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTKim and Rosenberg (1980) have found that the evaluative dimension is the only one of three semantic differential factors that is generally present in implicit personality theories at the individual level In the present study it is argued that this might be less true for cognitive elements at levels of abstraction lower than trait terms One group of subjects rated the likelihood of co‐occurrence of trait terms, a second group rated the likelihood of co‐occurrence of verbal descriptions of action categories, and two other groups rated traits and action categories respectively on nine semantic differential scales Co‐occurrence matrices were analyzed at the individual level and ratings of scales from each semantic dimension were projected into the resultant spatial structures The multiple correlation (MR) coefficients for each scale and individual were calculated In line with Kim and Rosenberg's findings the MR's for the evaluative scale were consistently high across individuals for both traits and action categories, whereas for activity and dominance scales they varied greatly There was, however, a significant tendency for evaluation to show greater dominance over the other aspects for traits than for action categories Implications of the study are discussed in terms of individual level of cognitive functioning and the domain specificity of social information proc

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00459.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY