摘要:

AbstractThe life course is proposed as a theoretical orientation concerned with the problems of describing, understanding, generalizing about, predicting, and intentionally changing the course of lives. A life course orientation provides a framework for analyzing the causal and probabilistic structure of the course of experience in individual lives, groups of lives, and lives in general.The life course can be conceptualized as a sequence of person‐situation interactions, or as a sequence of behavior‐determining, person‐determining, and situation‐determining processes. This perspective is illustrated through an analysis of the careers of heroin users, and through a critical examination of several common strategies for predicting behavior. The study of lives is distinguished from the study of personality, and the historical and theoretical background for a life course orientation is briefly r

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00187.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKinesic and verbal performance data were collected for two groups of women college seniors chosen to represent extremes in a type of verbal ability termed herereferential competence.This ability is conceptualized in terms of degree of integration of symbolic and ikonic representation systems, i.e., the strength of the symbol‐referent links in semantic memory. A criterion measure of referential competence was developed using deviation of color naming from word‐reading times on the Stroop Color‐Word test. Referential competence was shown to be statistically as well as conceptually unrelated to both the standard verbal intelligence and fluency measures, and to cognitive style. During a five‐minute videotaped monologue about a personal experience, persons high in referential competence produced verbal material which was specific, vivid, and objective; in contrast to the subjective and general material of the low referential group; and also produced approximately three times as many object‐focused hand movements, linked to rhythm and intonation patterns of speech but largely without decipherable content. The results suggest that motor schema have a continuing intrinsic role in mature speech production, related to structure rather than content of

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00188.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to examine the veracity of judgment‐questionnaire data regarding the effects of confronting a stressor in various contexts, judgments based on the imagined consequences of these encounters were scaled for both male and female subjects using individual‐differences multidimensional scaling analyses. A parallel experiment was then carried out where a second group of subjects were directly exposed to the spectrum of stressor‐context combinations previously judged. The two experiments substantially differed with respect to the inferences suggested by their results: while there were no apparent sex differences in the configuration of judgment responses, there were appreciable sex differences in response to the direct stress; other effects were predicted according to the judgment‐scaling results but were not obtained upon direct stressor exposure. The study extended past results of equivocal veracity of conclusions drawn from personality questionnaires, ratings and inventories to the domain of stress reactions.The role of antecedent cognitive structuring of threatening situations along stress‐relevant dimensions in determining response to direct threat was discussed. Discussion also focused on the configuration of sex differences over the several measures of response to the direct stressor. It was suggested that the stressor was more potent for females leading to increased cognitive coping efforts on their part. The effect of these efforts was the eventual reduction of their subjective stress to the level of that displaye

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00189.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the present study men who varied in the degree to which they viewed themselves as relatively masculine and/or feminine and the degree to which they expected others to engage in activities based on their gender sex (sex role attitude) were tachistoscopically presented pictures of a man and a woman engaged in sex role nontraditional activities. A signal detection theory analysis of the data yielded information on two aspects, the sensory (d′) and the nonsensory (β), of the subjects' perceptions of the stimulus material. The major finding was that nontraditional men defended against the anxiety‐producing stimuli whereas the traditional man did not so defend. This finding was interpreted to support the concept of the “well‐meaning liber

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00190.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeven hundred and fifty‐three observations were collected on 25 adolescents at random times during an average week. The observations consisted of self‐reports completed in response to an electronic pager. The study was aimed at the question: What is the experience of time alone like for adolescents? The results suggest a complex but consistent relationship: while aloneness is generally a negative experience, those adolescents who spend a moderate amount of time alone (about 30 percent of their waking time) tend to show better overall adjustment than adolescents who are either never alone or spend more than the optimal proportion of time alone. Alienation and average moods showed inverse linear or quadratic relationships with amount of time alone. These results are discussed in terms of the possible psycho‐social functions of aloneness at the adolescent stage of the life

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00191.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study was designed to test the hypothesis, derived from past research, that Fear of Success should be an insignificant motivational determinant among black college women. Fifty‐five black undergraduates from Radcliffe College participated in two one‐hour sessions where motive and performance measures in a series of achievement‐related situations were obtained. Among middle‐class women,nAchievement was the major positive determinant of the achievement‐related behaviors under investigation while Fear of Success, measured by Horner's new experimentally derived scoring system, facilitated rather than inhibited performance. For women of working‐class origin, Fear of Success exerted the strongest influence on behavior and inhibited achievement‐striving in nontraditional directions. The findings among middle‐class women support the prevailing opinion that black women are more achievement‐oriented than their white counterparts, but the results for working‐class women challenge the findings of earlier studies based upon the original measure of Fear of Successimageryand suggest that an internalized conflict over achievement and feminine identity may be a salient motivation a

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00192.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIntercorrelations among measures of various reactions to a large number of situations were factor analyzed and yielded five factors and corresponding measures. Three of the factors are positively intercorrelated and constitute various aspects of approach‐avoidance to a situation: approach to the setting itself; approach to tasks in the setting, or desire to work; and approach to persons in the setting, or desire to affiliate. The positive correlation of a fourth, desire to drink alcohol factor with the approach factors suggests that, at least for our sample of average (nonalcoholic) subjects, drinking is more likely to occur in more preferred places. In the context of earlier findings on alcohol use, these results show the decision to drink and the specific choice of a place to drink to be similarly motivated: the consumption of moderate doses of alcohol yields a more preferred emotional state, as does the choice of a preferred setting in which to drink. Additional results relating to characteristic individual reactions showed that Stimulus Screening is useful for assessing differences in individual reactions to unpreferred situations (nonscreeners approach, work, and affiliate less than screeners in such settings). Further, a new questionnaire measure of Arousal Seeking Tendency reported in this study is useful for assessing differences in individual reactions to preferred situations (high‐arousal seekers approach, work, and affiliate more than low‐arousal seekers in preferred sett

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00193.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrimacy effects in self‐attribution of ability were investigated in an experiment. Subjects' performance on a 30‐item test was experimentally manipulated to reflect one of three patterns: ascending, descending, or random success. It was predicted that there would be a primacy effect in self‐attribution of ability regarding the task when subjects had no previous expectation or anchor to which performance could be assimilated, but that the primacy effect would be attenuated when a previous anchor existed. The presence or absence of a prior anchor was manipulated by describing the task as either a test related to intelligence or a test of an unsual ability, unrelated to previous experience. Results supported the hypothesis that there is a primacy effect in self‐attribution of ability, and that this effect occurs most strongly where an individual has no prior anchor or expectation regarding his

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00194.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn empirical study was designed to investigate the effects of personality and sociocultural background on reactions to positive and negative performance feedback. Eighty college students of two sociocultural backgrounds (Mexican‐ and Anglo‐American) were asked to work on a three‐dimensional jigsaw puzzle and were then either praised or criticized, ostensibly according to their “problem‐solving strategies,” but actually on the basis of random assignment to either condition. Seven dependent variables were included, representing various reactions to the feedback. Four‐way analyses of variance were conducted on each dependent measure with the independent variables being type of feedback, locus of control, sex of subject, and ethnicity. In addition to consistent main effects for feedback, the results revealed that reactions to feedback, particularly criticism, are often mediated by personality and/or sociocultural factors. The findings are discussed in relation to previous literature and the need to take a sociocultural perspective in psychological research

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00195.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that observers' causal attributions about an actor's performance at a task would be affected by their social perspective in observing the situation. Observer subjects were either assigned to serve in a role comparable to that of observer‐subjects in most actor‐observer experiments or were assigned a distinctive role more divergent from the social perspective of the actor. As expected, observers with a similar social perspective to that of the actor made more flattering attributions about the actor's performance than observers with a dissimilar social perspective. We concluded that actor‐observer differences in attribution for an actor's performance in any one experiment cannot be taken as definitive evidence either for or against the defensive attribution

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00196.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY