摘要:

SummaryImpression formation was examined as a function of interpersonal physical distance in an interview. It was predicted that a confederate would be rated less socially active as the distance between him and the subject increased. The hypothesis was supported by a significant negative linear trend in the composite ratings of friendliness, aggressiveness, extraversion, and dominance A variation in this trend, indicating that confederates seated closest to the subject were seen as less socially active, was explained in terms of compensatory behaviors minimizing the effect of close physical proximity

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis study examined the relationship between elation‐depression and desire for excitement on both intra‐ and interindividual levels. It was hypothesized that there would be a positive linear relationship between elation and desire for tranquillity These intraindividual hypotheses received strong support. This support would suggest that radical incongruities between activity demands and mood preparedness are often painful and would imply that in order for mood alteration to be successful it must take place graduallyIt was also hypothesized that characteristic level of elation‐depression would be positively related to mean ratings of desire for excitement, positively related to score on a desire for excitement test, and negatively related to mean ratings of desire for tranquillity These interindividual hypotheses were not supported. Although it is probably most reasonable to accept the lack of correspondence between intra‐ and interindividual results, the operation of social comparison effects and social desirability bias may have obscured the predicted interindividual relat

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFive types of creative mathematician are identified on the basis of the subjects' ownQ‐sort descriptions of their research style Personality and background correlates of each type are presented. Whereas descriptions of the mother had differentiated creative from comparison mathematicians, traits of the father were important in the differentiation of the creative types Relative to one another, one type is “adapted,” one is “conflicted,” and three are about equally “creative,” these labels being taken from the Rankian paradigm The “creative” types are described, after Neumann, on the basis of the relation between ego and unconscious One is described as matriarchal and two as patriarchal Of the two patriarchal, one emphasizes “Puritan” achievement‐orientation, the other “Mediterranean” intel

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryTwo studies were conducted in order to investigate positive prejudice toward Negroes By defining positive prejudice as favoritism toward Negro stimulus persons over white stimulus persons of identical personality descriptions, it was possible to compare patterns of Negro bias on a variety of measures The results of Study I indicated that positive Negro prejudice was more likely when stimulus persons at the positive personality level were compared The results of Study II indicated that dogmatism and rigidity and attitudes associated with authoritarianism are negatively related to positive prejudice Dimensions of formality of relationships and antisubordination of Negroes were useful in understanding positive prejudice. The relevance of the results to the belief theory of prejudice are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to account for children's performance in an educational setting by evaluating individual difference factors and the subjects' differential responsivities to social reinforcement The child subjects performed on Porteus mazes, which were viewed as complex, stress‐inducing tasks They were differentiated in terms of sex and test anxiety levels. Each child received the same number of noncontingent reinforcements, which consisted of either verbal praise or verbal criticism or no feedback The data yielded significant triple interaction effects among anxiety, sex, and social reinforcement for the time and error scores on the mazes The data were discussed in terms of their implications for remediating performance in educational settings and their support for the theoretical conception of test anxiety as a chronic drive state The authors concluded that the extrinsic, motivating effects of verbal reinforcement can be reasonably characterized, but only if one attends to individual differences among those subjects being reinforce

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryRace differences in the judgment of statements of attitude toward the Negro were examined to assess comparative reference scale shifts over a 35‐year period Reference scale origin became more pro‐Negro for both races over tune, with whites shifting more than Negroes In 1929 Negroes judged the items as being more anti‐Negro than did whites, this race difference was reversed for the 1962 and 1964 samples Reference scale unit was smaller for Negroes than for whites at all time periods, and both races showed a reduction in unit between 1962 and 1964. A linear function was consistently obtained between reference scales measured at two points in time, as well as when comparing one race to the other The assimilation‐contrast and variable perspective social judgment formulations were evaluated in terms of their ability to account for the observed reference scale diff

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryEgo‐identity status was determined for 49 college women and related to difficulty of college major, self‐esteem, authoritarianism, and Welsh Anxiety Scale (WAS) scores The modified identity status interview for women included “attitudes toward premarital intercourse” Identity achievements had more difficult majors than identity diffusions Foreclosures were highest in self‐esteem and lowest in WAS scores–interpreted either as approval‐seeking or as this status's adaptive value for women. They were also highest in authoritarianism Moratoriums were lowest in authoritarianism. Identity diffusions obtained the highest WAS scores Failure to find differences on the Luchins Water Jars task was seen as limiting the range of the identity stat

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFemale repressors and sensitizers were presented with a choice between two pens of different colors from five which they had previously rated on a relative‐attractiveness scale Following choice, they rerated the pens under one of two conditions (a) where the choice had unequivocal implications for their femininity or (b) where it had equivocal implications for femininity Attractiveness ratings of the pens before and after choice constituted the major dependent variable Repressors tended to show greater average change in ratings than sensitizers under low ambiguity but not under high ambiguity Skin conductance measurements did not show interpretable dissonance effects, but there was evidence of R‐S differences in skin conductance and self‐report measures of t

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis study was undertaken to examine ambiguities in the ability of the I‐E scale to predict complex social behavior. An analysis of the items in the I‐E scale suggested that the scale might contain a conservative bias Further, it was suggested that responses to the items may be determined by the individual's political and social ideology, which in turn are influenced by the political and social norms to which he has been exposedThe sample consisted of one parent and a college‐aged child from 60 upper‐middle‐class families in which the parent was visible in the community for political and social participation, half the parents interviewed were liberal, and half conservative in their political views A number of measures of political and social participation were administered, along with a shortened version of the I‐E scaleThe findings of the study supported the contention that the “internal” items on the I‐E scale are more congenial to persons holding conservative political views than for those holding liberal views. Perceived internal causality, as measured by the I‐E scale, was found to be nonsignificantly correlated with any of the measures of political participation for the parent sample, with five of the six correlations being in the opposite direction from that predicted by social learning theoryThe results of the study were discussed in terms of White's distinction between the “moralizer” and “reformer” approach to social problems The validity of the I‐E scale as a measure of a stable personality trait was called into question, as was its usefulness in pred

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA cognitive or problem‐solving interpretation of verbal conditioning was extended by making explicit the role of demand awareness and cooperation motivation in mediating the behavior. It was found that the word “reinforcement” itself was effective in producing verbal conditioning, and as predicted there was a highly significant difference between subjects who had taken a course in psychology and those who had not Postexperimental measures of contingency awareness, demand awareness and cooperation motivation all correlated with experimental performance That the strongest association was obtained when demand awareness plus cooperation motivation were considered was interpreted as indicating the crucial importance of these variables in mediating so‐called verbal conditioning Data were interpreted as questioning the appropriateness of using the concepts of instrumental appetitive conditioning to describe so‐called verbal conditioning. The effect seems to be an artifact of subjects cooperating with experimental demand chara

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY