摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article provides a rationale for research on personality as a contnbuting factor in the development ot physical disease A bnef history of major developments from the 1930s to the present is then provided Special at‐tention IS given to shifts in conception regarding whether particular dispositions are related to specific physical disorders or whether these dispositions increase general illness susceptibility The paper ends with a bnef onentation to the other papers and commentanes in this special iss

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article explores the implications that dispositional optimism holds for physical well‐being Research is reviewed that links optimism to a number of different positive health‐relevant outcomes, ranging from the development of physical symptoms to recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery Additional findings are described which suggest that these beneficial effects are partly due to differences between optimists and pessimists in the strategies that they use to cope with stress A number of other potential mediators are also discussed, including some that are physiologic in nature The article closes with a discussion of the relationships betwen our own theoretical account of the effects of optimism and several other conceptual approa

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTraditional and nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) are discussed with special attention devoted to the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) Positive and negative epidemiological evidence bearing on the risk factor status of global TABP is reviewed Results of the review suggest that component scoring of the multidimensional global TABP in attempts to uncover “toxic” components, particularly Potential for Hostility, is a profitable research strategy Similarly, evidence is presented that suggests merit in component scoring of hostility, also a multidimensional construct To explicate more fully the nature of Potential for Hostility and its categories, correlations between the SI‐derived ratings and ratings of established dimensions of individual differences based on the five‐factor taxonomic model of personality from subsamples of the MRFTT and WCGS studies are presented Total Potential for Hostility and especially the Style of interaction category show highly significant relations to Low Agreeableness or Antagonism High ratings of Potential for Hostility identify individuals who can be described as uncooperative, antagonistic, rude, disagreeable, unsympathetic, callous, and the like Implications of the evolving concept of coronary‐prone behavior, as distinguished from TABP, are briefly

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTExplanatory style is an individual difference that influences people's response to bad events The present article discusses the possibility that a pessimistic explanatory style makes illness more likely Several studies suggest that people who offer internal, stable, and global explanations for bad events are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality We tentatively conclude that passivity, pessimism, and low morale foreshadow disease and death, although the process by which this occurs is unclear

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article reviews studies on the relation between social motives and susceptibility to physical illness The motives examined in the studies include power motivation and affiliation motivation and their related syndromes such as inhibited power and relaxed affiliation The subject populations include college students as well as adults Blood pressure, self‐reports of illnesses, catecholamines, and parameters of immunologic functioning are among the indices of health outcomes investigated Taken together, these studies suggest that social motives may be importantly related to susceptibility to illness, that the power motive may be related to heightened susceptibility to illness, particularly when the person is under stress, whereas the affiliation motive may be related to diminished susceptibility to illne

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPerhaps because negative emotions are frequently expressed in physiological reactions, psychosomatic theories have often identified Neuroticism and its component traits (including anxiety, anger, and depression) as causal influences on the development of disease These views are apparently supported by correlations between physical symptom reports and measures of Neuroticism in males Data from 347 adult women in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging replicate this finding for total physical complaints and for most body systems However, analyses of mortality in the literature and in the present article show no influence of Neuroticism, suggesting that symptom reporting may be biased by Neuroticism‐related styles of perceiving and reporting physiological experiences Researchers in this area are urged to employ objective measures of medical status, and to be alert to possible biases of self‐selection and selective perception in interpreting associations between Neuroticism and dis

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDrawing on a carefully controlled sample of 52 women with a history of breast carcinoma and 34 healthy controls, this prospective study examined empirical associations between psychological factors and the progression of neoplastic disorders over a follow‐up period averaging 624 days Psychological variables were psychometrically assessed by self‐report measures A multiple regression analysis which controlled for disease stage at original diagnosis, age, total length of disease course, hematological factors, and blood chemistries measured at study onset showed neoplastic spread to be associated with a repressive personality style, reduced expression of negative affect, helplessness‐hopelessness, chronic stress, and comforting daydreaming The identified model of medical and psychological variables accounted for 56% of the observed variance A psychobiological model of brain‐body deregulation provided the best account of the observed associations between psychological functioning and the progression of disease Future research is necessary to examine the role which psychological functioning may exert upon health‐relevant behaviors that might blunt the benefits of professional h

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHealth status has in effect become an external cntenon for vanous personality traits It seems unlikely, however, that a unidimensional approach to personality actually will be productive, even when something as concrete as physical health serves as a cntenon vanable Instead, the benefits of a more multidimensional, contextualized approach to the prediction of health status are emphasized Additional comments concern the distinction between co‐occurrence and correlation of two vanables, some ambiguities regarding the appropriate criterion variables for health psychology, and some logistical issues in the domain of personality and health psycholo

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00440.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article comments on three conceptualizations of the relationship between personality and disease as they relate to the papers in this issue Despite the sophistication and promise of recent research in this area, conceptual and methodological difficulties present in earlier psychosomatic research have persisted In this area, robust and convincing associations between traits and disease remain largely elusive, and stable, valid measures of psychological factors are relatively rare In addition, the mechanisms relating behavior to health are sometimes sketchy or overstated We suggest that the most productive research strategies will focus on mechanisms linking behavior to health, rather than merely correlating traits with measures of disease Needed are continued close attention to these pitfalls by researchers as well as the maintenance of a critical attitude by readers

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00441.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis special issue is a sign of a resurgence of interest in the role of personality in health not seen since the 1940s and early 1950s when the promise of the psychosomatic approach to health and illness appeared to be the greatest This new look at personality and health represented by contributions to this special issue attempts to address the limitations of earlier work in psychosomatic medicine by making more explicit efforts to define personality variables precisely, to distinguish these variables from conceptually related psychological constructs, and to embed them in a body of theory and empirical research This new work also attempts to remedy methodological limitations of earlier work by placing greater emphasis on prospective research and highlighting distinctions between symptom reports, illness behavior, and actual illness However, the new work and earlier work in psychosomatic medicine share certain working assumptions, for example, a primary emphasis on the relatively direct impact of personality on disease onset, an assumption that personality variables operate in interaction with stressful events, and a frequent emphasis on general susceptibility to disease Moreover, this new work frequently risks the same methodological pitfalls that limited scientific progress in psychosomatic medicine We argue that the rapid rise and decline of psychosomatic medicine is most likely to be repeated in research on personality and health in the 1980s if reasonable criteria for considering personality variables a risk factor for disease are not precisely defined, disease endpoints (the dependent variable) are not assessed precisely, personality variables of interest (the independent variable) are not empirically distinguished from other related psychological variables, and complex relationships among risk factors are not taken account It is emphasized that models drawn from personality research cannot be transferred unchanged to the health arena without risking false inferences about the role of personality in health

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00442.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY