摘要:

In spite of major advances in cancer treatment over the past decades, unproven or ineffective methods of treatment continue to be offered to the public by unqualified or unscrupulous practitioners. These methods fall into five categories: devices, tests, drugs, diets, and psychological methods, as well as combinations of these. The emotional, physical, and financial burdens of cancer treatment make cancer patients and their families especially vulnerable to the pitch of these operators. Participation in worthless treatments can lead to loss of life or prolongation of illness which might otherwise have been avoided through orthodox cancer treatment. Ineffective treatments can generally be recognized by application of some simple guidelines. Lack of faith in the medical care system is an important motivation in the choice of alternative therapies. Health practitioners have an obligation to be sensitive to patients' needs, and to provide emotional as well as medical support, to communicate openly with patients and families, and to nurture the trust that will prevent abandonment of traditional medical care in favor of quackery.mag

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v11n03_12

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The female hormone estrogen is widely prescribed to postmenopausal women. Its major documented benefit is prevention of bone mineral loss, which is a major risk factor for fracture in the elderly. Its clearly documented risk is promotion of cancer of the endometrium. There is a growing body of data that suggests that postmenopausal estrogen therapy reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. This benefit, if real, may be lost when a cyclic progeslin is added to reduce the risk of cancer. Further studies are needed to provide a firmer basis for balancing these risks and benefits.8%2F200

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v11n03_13

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Cancer studies involving human subjects present ethical conflicts which require a delicate balance to be struck between respect for fundamental human rights and the need to obtain sufficient data to satisfy study goals. Scientific and ethical conflicts at all stages of application of the scientific method are discussed. Legislative safeguards and ethical guidelines continue to evolve. Both must form an integral part of considerations regarding the feasibility of conducting cancer studies involving human subjects. Researchers, administrators, and legislators must be educated in and remain sensitive to two competing forces in epidemiologic research: the need to know versus respect for the individual's right to privacy, safety, dignity, and autonomy. An enhanced role for Institutional Review Boards to include an interactive monitoring function with ongoing studies is proposed.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v11n03_14

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Cigarette smoking is a major cause of cancer in women, accounting for about one-fourth of their estimated 219,000 cancer deaths per year. Cigarette smoking specifically increases a woman's risk of developing cancer of the lung, larynx, esophagus, oral cavity, pancreas, kidney, bladder, and possibly uterine cervix. During the past twenty years, concerted efforts have been made by the tobacco industry to increase sales to women. Strategies have included development of "feminine" brands such as Virginia Slims, slick media campaigns portraying smoking as elegant and glamorous, and sponsorship of fashion, women's sports events, and even medical programs. Reversal of these alarming trends requires that women as well as men recognize the role of cigarette smoking in cancer causation, and support programs which promote non-smoking as well as combat the influence of the tobacco industry on women's smoking behavior.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v11n03_15

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Men and women have traditionally consumed cigarettes very differently, demonstrating widely varying patterns of prevalence during the past eight decades. For example, though the prevalance of smoking among men increased dramatically soon after the turn of the century, an analogous though less dramatic increase among women was not observed for another 25-30 years. Similarly, when a dramatic decrease in smoking prevalence among men was observed following the 1964 Surgeon General's Report, a comparable decrease among women was not seen until 15 years later. Such differences in smoking patterns have led to the widespread belief that giving up smoking is more difficult for women than it is for men. This paper reviews various studies which address this issue and suggests areas in which further research is needed.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v11n03_16

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Smokeless tobacco, particularly snuff, is a recognized risk factor for cancer of the oral cavity. This conclusion rests in large part on epidemiologic studies of oral cancer in women, especially in the American South, where the oral cancer death rate in females has been high. The research focus on studies of women led to the identification of the hazards from smokeless tobacco use; the strategies used are broadly applicable to studies of the etiology of other cancers in both women and men. High levels of nitrosamines, which are potent carcinogens, are found in smokeless tobacco products. Steps should be taken to reverse the alarming increase in their use by men and boys. More research attention also should be directed to understanding new emerging trends in oral cancer mortality among women.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v11n03_17

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Passive or involuntary smoking is the inhalation of smoke which escapes directly into the air from the lit end of a burning cigarette. This unfiltered smoke contains the same toxic components of the mainstream smoke inhaled directly by the smoker, including numerous carcinogens, many in greater concentrations. It has long been known that exposure to this type of smoke leads to increased respiratory and other adverse health conditions in non-smokers, especially children. During the past five years, evidence has been accumulating that risk of lung cancer is also higher, particularly in non-smoking women whose husbands smoke. Despite uncertainties and differences in interpretation of various cancer studies, there is ample justification for public health measures now in place or proposed, such as restriction or elimination of smoking in the workplace and in public places.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v11n03_18

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor