摘要:

No abstract available for this article.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v15n02_01

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Over the centuries, the breast cancer literature has contained numerous references to the role of psychological factors in the etiology of the disease. Theories and research findings pertaining to this work are reviewed, with a focus on twentieth century work. The specific hypotheses examined in each historic period can be seen in the context of views held about women in society. Epidemiologic features of breast cancer, particularly certain reproductive behaviors, are associated with specific lifestyles, and these features lend themselves to the investigation of the role of personality in the etiology of the disease. In the eighteenth and 19th centuries, clinicians wrote of the role of depression, grief and anxiety in the etiology of breast cancer. Hard work, which women were not supposed to engage in, resulted in breast tumors. The rise of interest in psychodynamic theories in the twentieth century resulted in a proliferation of investigations demonstrating the association between sexual repression or ambivalence about the female role and breast cancer. The language of psychoanalysis was used throughout society. Single women, at increased risk of breast cancer, were seen as suffering from unconscious rejection of their femininity. Although the study designs used to investigate this association were inadequate and the findings equivocal, belief in this association has continued. More recent work in this field has focussed on the role of repressed anger, reflecting a societal preoccupation with constraints on self-expression. Hypotheses regarding the psychological etiology of breast cancer can be examined in the social context in which they evolve and tend to reflect views of women rather than truths derived from research data.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v15n02_02

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Over two-thirds of a million American women mostly over age 45 were enrolled in a prospective mortality study in 1982 and followed up for four years. In this time period 1,527 women died of six smoking-related cancer sites: oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas, larynx, lung, and bladder. Age-adjusted death rates in nonsmokers were used to obtain smoking-attributable risks and numbers of deaths due to these six cancers. Among current smokers, 601 deaths (85.5% of current smokers' deaths) were attributable to cigarette smoking, and among former smokers 284 (69.3% of exsmokers' deaths) were attributable to smoking. Cigarette smoking accounted for 885 excess deaths at these sites, giving a population attributable risk of 57.9%. Over three-quarters of these excess deaths were due to lung cancer. Cigarette smoking, despite increases in smoking cessation, is still responsible for well over half of the deaths from these six types of cancer in women.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v15n02_03

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A 1987 questionnaire survey of a 1% random sample (n = 356) of registered nurses in North Carolina provided data on the smoking habits and smoking cessation. Fifty-six percent were never smokers; 19% were current smokers. Among the ever smokers, 31% had quit smoking for at least one year. Twenty-two percent of the former smokers had smoked less than 5 years and 39% less than 10 years before quitting. Anecdotal notes from never smokers suggested that their major deterrent to smoking was their own parents smoking. Concerns about the addictive smoking behavior and health effects of smoking observed in their parents as well as concerns about potential health risks to themselves deterred them from smoking. Concerns about the adverse consequences of smoking was the most influential factor influencing smoking cessaticn and reduction of cigarette smoking. Friends' and family's encouragement to stop smoking was the most influential external factor motivating nurses to quit or reduce cigarette consumption. Fifty-seven percent of the former smokers quit smoking after one or two attempts while 53 of the current smokers had tried to quit 3 or more times-90% had tried at least once to quit smoking; however, only 18% of the current smokers had abstained for more than one year during any of their attempts to quit. Implications of the results include: (1) smoking cessation programs for nurses in the workplace may have considerable impact since the majority of nurses who smoke are tying to quit; (2) relapse prevention strategies need to be an integral part of such smoking cessation programs including involvement of family and friends to support the smokers in their cessation efforts.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v15n02_04

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This research focuses on the extent to which choosing a certified nurse-midwife (CNM) for the management of birth in the hospital is an option. Licensing laws affect this option by determining access to hospitals for CNMs in the form of hospital practice privileges. Data for this descriptive case study of Washington, D.C. hospitals were collected from interviews with CNMs and hospital personnel, including physicians, and from secondary sources, including legislative acts and hospital bylaws. Our findings suggest that although the option for a CNM managed birth has increased in the District with the granting of hospital privileges to CNMs in 3 of 9 hospitals providing obstetrical services, restrictions on CNM practice still exist. These are the capacity to admit atients in the CNMs' name and the issue of supervision of CNMs y a physician in the hospital.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v15n02_05

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Concern about the rising cesarean-section rate and the high percentage of elective repeat cesareans led to an exploratory, retrospective examination of women's decision-making about a childbirth method after cesarean. Fifty women who had delivered by a repeat cesarean (RC) or vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) participated in a telephone interview. Three questions were addressed: (1) who made the decision for a birth method; (2) what factors were associated with the choice of method; and (3) was the choice of method associated with the actual method of delivery? The majority of women (90%) perceived that they were the primary decision-maker for a birth method, and choice of birth method was positively associated with actual method of delivery. The major reason for VBAC choice was to experience a vaginal birth, whereas the primary reason for RC choice was to avoid an unsuccessful labor. Other factors associated with choice of a birth method were: sources of information and support, beliefs, previous cesarean experience and locus of control. These findings have important implications for enhancing women's health-care decision-making, as well as for reducing the rate of repeat-cesarean deliveries.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v15n02_06

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In May 1988, the Prentif Cavity Rim cervical cap, a barrier method of contraception, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for contraceptive purposes in the United States. This paper describes some of the events leading to the approval of the cervical cap as a contraceptive. Of major interest is the unprecedented involvement of the feminist health movement in clinic-based research, policy making, and distribution of the cervical cap. The recall of the Vimule cervical cap, the use of lay healthworkers in fitting an experimental device, and the feminist providers' response to the FDA's regulation of the cervical cap are detailed.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v15n02_07

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article examines compensation for work-related illness among women in the first sixty years of the twentieth century. Its first part (Vo1.15, No.1) discussed women's experience in the employers' liability system and their workers' compensation claims for poisonings. Part II in this issue examines compensation for infectious diseases, principally tuberculosis; litigation involving lung disease produced by berylium and asbestos; and women's workers' compensation claims for illnesses involving a mental component.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v15n02_08

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

No abstract available for this article.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v15n02_09

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor