ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractVoles were studied in restricted and enriched milieux and observations made of stereotypy and social hierarchy. Further experiments compared the behaviour of voles caught in the wild to that of voles reared in the laboratory. Tyrannic hierarchy was observed in 77 per cent of cages with a restricted environment as compared to 10 per cent of those with an enriched environment (p<0.005). The incidence of stereotyped and hyperaggressive behaviour was significantly greater in laboratory bred animals and excessive water‐drinking and death significantly greater in the wild specie

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the manifestations, effects, prevalence and origins of stress in schoolteachers. Evidence suggests that many teachers find their work stressful, that there is a correlation between perceived stress and the experience of psychological and physical symptoms, but that as a group teachers do not have an increased incidence of psychiatric or physical disorders. Possible coping strategies to reduce teacher stress are discussed.

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA clinical discussion is presented of sources of sexual stress for women and how they might interfere with healthy sexual functioning. Several therapeutic techniques to reduce sexual stress are described and clinical case examples are given to clarify their use in clinical practice.

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe role of psychosocial factors in the understanding of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been a major area of clinical interest and psychosomatic research. This paper explores the scientific basis for the following contentions: (1) psychosocial factors such as stressful life events are associated with symptom onset and exacerbation; (2) research in brain‐gut peptides and the new fields of psychoimmunology and psychoneuroendocrinology may establish the physiological basis for this clinical observation; (3) while there is no proof for the psychosomatic specificity hypothesis, certain psychodynamic observations, particularly conflicts relating to real or threatened loss and extreme dependency with parental figures, are frequently observed; (4) there is a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders (particularly depression) among patients with Crohn's disease; (5) the psychosocial impact of these disorders may be considerable, yet patient adjustment and perceived quality of life is generally favourabl

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMany studies have suggested that following the experience of ‘stressful’ life events the risks of myocardial infarction, accidents and perhaps other diseases including cancer are elevated. In the OPCS Longitudinal Study (LS) routinely collected data on deaths, and deaths of a spouse occurring in a 1 per cent sample of the population of England and Wales in the period 1971‐81, are linked together and with 1971 census records of sample members. The timing and patterns of death following the potentially very stressful event of conjugal bereavement may thus be analysed.Overall the mortality in widowers, but not widows, was about 10 per cent in excess of that in all members of the LS sample for most major cause of death groups. As in many earlier studies, some increases in death rates shortly after widow(er)hood are observed. Unusually, for deaths from all causes these increases are more marked in widows than in widowers, with, for example, a twofold increase in mortality from all causes in the first month after widowhood. However, no peak of postbereavement mortality from malignant diseases is clearly established in either sex.Although the study is large, with a well‐chosen control group, only a limited characterization of study members from data collected in the census is possible. In particular no measures of personality or behaviour are available. Gradients in postbereavement mortality similar to those in general mortality were found with several measures of socioeconomic status, including social class. Investigation of potential effects of social or familial support, as measured by household structure and numbers of children, led to equivocal results.The observed patterns, although consistent with an early effect of a stressful life event, do not strongly suggest that stress following bereavement leads to an excess of cancer mortality. The limited follow‐up of the study cohort since widowhood must, however, be kep

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn evaluating the validity of causal propositions, there are four considerations: statistical, internal, construct and external. The reliability of published instruments, in the sense of internal reliability, can be maximized by the principal component analysis of obtained responses. Once it has been demonstrated that two variables covary to a significant degree, the next step is to assess the internal validity of the relationship. Next, the investigator must attempt to determine which higher order constructs are involved in these relationships. Finally, the level of generality of the relationship should be determined. In the last two decades, a shift has occurred in that the hypothesis that life events cause illness is based less on faith and more on scientific evidence.

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460020211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY