摘要:

AbstractIn experimental models stress produces a number of endocrine and biochemical changes. The identification of a monoamine oxidase inhibiting substance in normal human urine which is raised in stressful situations has been of heuristic importance. This compound, known as tribulin, has been characterized by mass spectrometry as indole‐2, 3‐dione (isatin) which in part is responsible for the effects of tribulin. Some properties of isatin are reviewed and its effects on the serotonergic system in rats are described. Isatin produces similar effects to cold immobilization stress in rats, lending further support to the notion that this compound may be an important mediator of stress respon

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere are many theories of stress, though few lead to detailed treatment techniques. These theories are often simple and non‐theoretical. They are based on the notion of a passive structure bearing a heavy weight. There is a need for more active models, which measure a person's capacity to cope with the demands of the environment. Learning theories have often provided a basic paradigm and vocabulary for stress research. Conditioning models certainly have explanatory power, though they cannot always account for some features of stress reactions. Nonetheless, conditioning provides a rationale for a treatment approach which has shown a good record of success. New developments in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder, in which patients are directly exposed to the feared stimulus, show promising early results. These findings strongly suggest that successful treatment of traumatic stress should include exposure techniques as a main part of a program of rehabilitat

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA representative sample of 74 nurses working in a comparatively large Australian psychiatric hospital completed a questionnaire which contained scales that reflected the elements of the self‐control model of human stress proposed by Carver and Scheier. Canonical correlation analysis was used to statistically relate proposed elements of the self‐control model to both intensity and frequency subscale scores of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Interpretation of the complicated array of structure coefficients derived for four significant canonical variates provided support for the basic tenets of the self‐control model. Notably, those participants who reported higher intensities of emotional exhaustion–depersonalization also reported higher scores on operational measures of self‐focus and negative affect, a greater range of discrepant aspects of their job, and more pessimism regarding improvement in those same aspects. A framework for elaboration of the model through future research is

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe research was designed to investigate the moderating effect of some personality traits on subjective distress caused by daily hassles. The traits were internal locus of control, repression, ego strength, and barrier (as studied and defined by S. Fisher). The last two variables were negatively correlated both with the somatic and emotional distress indications and with the frequency of hassles reportED; internal locus of control showed an inverse relationship only with frequency of hassles. The hypothesis is formulated that ego strength and barrier are personality factors influencing not only the outcomes of coping (ie the stress response), but also event appraisal.

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe measurement of plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) levels has provided a means to assess sympathetic and adrenal medullary responses to stressors. To address the issue of specificity of these responses to mental or physical stress, we measured plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) levels in male volunteers who underwent either exhaustive graded treadmill exercise or a 30 min stressful interview. We found that graded treadmill exercise to exhaustion (mean duration of exercise 15.2 ± 0.7 min) was associated with similar increases in both NE (239 per cent) and EPI (201 per cent) immediately after completing exercise. Elevated values rapidly returned to baseline levels after exercise. In response to the 30min stressful interview where subjects remained seated throughout the stressor, there were smaller but highly significant increases in plasma levels of both NE (67 per cent) and EPI (82 per cent) within the first 10min of the interview. By the last 10min of the interview, EPI levels were already returning to baseline values while NE levels remained elevated throughout and for at least 5min after the exam. These findings demonstrate that a stressful interview is associated with increases in both NE and EPI levels which are qualitatively similar to the responses to a physical stressor

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that dehydroepiadrosterone (DHEA) bears an immunomodulating effect, and while having no antiviral activityin vitro, is capable of protecting against lethal viral infections. In the present study the effect of DHEA on protection from stress‐induced infection was examined. Mice were exposed to cold stress, isolation stress or dexamethasone injections and inoculated with the attenuated non‐invasive WN‐25 encephalitis virus. DHEA treatment prevented the induction of encephalitis and decreased mortality rate from 67 per cent, 75 per cent and 67 per cent to 22 per cent, 32 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively. Postponement of the onset of disease, reduced virus levels in the brain on day 7, increased mean time of death, and prevention of spleen and thymus involution was also observed. The protective effect is mediated probably by counteraction of stress‐induced immunosuppression that appears during viral infections. We suggest that DHEA may act as an ‘antistress’ agent, an agent that is effective in protection against viral infection by blocking stress‐induced immu

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the present study we have examined the response of ACTH, beta‐EP, PRL, GH and LH to heat and cold exposure (90° and 4°C, respectively) in eight young healthy subjects. Sauna‐induced hyperthermia resulted in an increase of plasma ACTH, beta‐EP, PRL and GH, but the exposure to cold did not stimulate the secretion of these hormones. This study indicates that hyperthermia represents a form of stress which can trigger a well‐defined neuroendocrine response, whereas cold exposure, at least under these experimental conditions, is unable to elicit significant hormona

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt has long been argued that surgery is a form of psychological stress and that the response to it should therefore be modifiable by psychological means. In particular, it has been suggested that preoperative worry should reduce the stressfulness of surgery. Endocrine responses to surgery may enable a more valid test of this theory than the measures more commonly used. A series of studies has provided evidence consistent with the theory. Preoperative anxiety correlated with lower postoperative levels of circulating cortisol and adrenaline. Furthermore, preoperative psychological procedures designed to reassure patients and reduce anxiety have increased cortisol or adrenaline responses. Programmes of preoperative reassurance should be evaluated carefully until it is known whether the increased stress response compromises recovery.

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460080311

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY