摘要:

Philosophical and ethical issues associated with the relations between science, technology, and the military have been largely ignored by the contemporary professional philosophical community. This is not so true with regard to philosophers in the past, particularly political philosophers, or with nonprofessional philosophers in the present. For example, physical and biological scientists who have been involved in military or military‐funded projects, as well as social scientists (especially psychologists, economists, and historians), have initiated a number of relevant discussions.The discipline of philosophy can, however, contribute to existing discussions by 1) offering conceptual clarifications of some empirical questions; 2) providing a framework for general interdisciplinary reflection; 3) promoting the synthesis of relevant information and arguments; and 4) offering criticism of some theoretical presuppositions entertained and positions advanced. To initiate such contributions, this introduction will indicate something of the general historicophilosophical background, then turn to a quick review of more immediate post‐World War II discussions. Along the way it will indicate some philosophical, often ethical, questions that deserve to be addressed. A conclusion will consider the role of ethics in its various dimensi

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15043.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15044.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Insanity in individuals is something rare‐but in groups, parties, nations, and epochs, it is the rule.FriedrichNietzscheSUMMARYMilitary research has become part of the established order in scientific inquiry throughout the world. Because of the awesome power of the military arsenals and the potential for ending or altering many forms of life, the questions associated with military research cannot be regarded as purely scientific or political. More than in any previous period of history, the issues associated with military research have become a moral problem. It is argued that the moral responsibilities of scientists are not altered because a country has a more democratic form of government. In fact, scientists with the most personal freedom should be the ones pressing the moral arguments against military research. It is further argued that research tends to follow paths pointed out by authorities, and when that authority is the military the research will always have unwanted side effects that are immoral and counterproductive for the scientific enterprise and the well‐being of the citizenry of that country. The problems raised by military research bring to the fore basic issues associated with the appropriate size and funding of a country's scientific enterprise, and the question of how best to achieve the goals associated with that enterpr

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15045.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15046.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

What have religious traditions to do with military research and action? The relation is both important and problematic. To ignore it is foolish. For many people, ethics is an integral part of religious belief. Even the nonreligious or irreligious must recognize that some people and societies, probably a majority of people around the world, understand their ethics as part of their religion. A glance at the world today quickly shows the importance of religious traditions, for better and worse, in international conflicts. But the problems in the relationship are immense. Both the significance and the confusions of the relationship rise out of the nature of religious ethics.Religious morality involves claims with a transcendent dimension. The transcendent dimension is conceptualized in many ways. It may refer to a God, who is creator and judge of humankind. It may affirm a spiritual realm that infuses the natural. It may describe a universal loyalty that encompasses particularistic loyalties of individuals, tribes, or nations. In one way or another, a religious morality completes and often overrides common, prudential considerations.That transcendent reference is frequently corrupted by the claim of transcendent and universal justification for partisan demands. Rather than subordinate such demands to a higher judgment, individuals or groups often identify their own interests with transcendent norms. This habit is known in the biblical tradition as idolatry.

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15047.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15048.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15049.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15050.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15051.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0077-8923    

DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb15052.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY