摘要:

AbstractThe present study reinforced the two instructors of two students with profound mental retardation first for the instructors' training behaviors, then for improved student learning in a multiple baseline across responses design. Reinforcement of the instructors' training behaviors increased their training behaviors, replicating the findings of previous studies, but had no effect on student learning. When the reinforcement for the instructors was instead made contingent upon student learning, the student learning improved and the instructors' high level of training behaviors was maintained. In addition, the instructors began to request training for themselves. These findings suggest that staff motivation programs for instructors might usefully base the reinforcers not only on the instructor's performance, but on the progress of their students.

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360040302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this study, an autistic youth served as peer prompter for three other autistic adolescents. The peer prompter encouraged the other boys to talk about sports, a topic frequently discussed by typical teenagers. A multiple‐baseline design across participants was used to assess the effectiveness of the peer‐prompting procedure. During baseline, the youth rarely talked about sports, although all three had previously completed a sports‐appreciation class and had displayed large pre‐to‐post gains on a paper‐and‐pencil test. During intervention, when a peer prompted sports discussions, all three youth engaged in much more sports‐related conversation. Generalization measures indicated that: (1) the youth engaged in sports discussions in groups, as well as in the dyads that characterized the training situation; (2) they talked about sports in a setting other than the training setting; (3) they discussed sports with their peers when an unfamiliar teacher was present; and (4) they continued to discuss sports when training tapes and behavioral contracts between the teacher and the peer prompter were withdrawn. Previously, it has been common to use nonhandicapped or less‐handicapped peers as tutors; this study demonstrates that an autistic youth may also effectively serve as a prompter who assists his schoolmates in acquiring conversational skills that contribute to th

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360040303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBehavioral assessment and intervention strategies used to treat chronic, life‐threatening pica in an institutionalized, 16‐year‐old male with profoundly retarded collateral self‐injurious and aggressive conduct, are described and evaluated. Thirty‐minute observation sessions, conducted under baited contitions, revealed that bait saliency and the absence of caregiver supervision were discriminative for high rates of pica. Oral delivery of response‐contingent lemon juice suppressed pica to near zero rates, while a procedural package incorporating delivery of water mist contingent on response‐antecedant wandering contributed to further reductions in pica. Considerable suppression was maintained for approximately 18 months, with administration by paraprofessional staff. Data spanning nearly four years indicated that pica suppression was primarily a function of the introduction, maintenance, and withdrawal of aversive contingencies, rather than of concurrent schedules of positive reinforcement. Positive and negative side effects, and ethical questions associated with the use of aversive stimuli in treating life‐threatening behavior

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360040304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSocial problem‐solving skills, a self‐instructional procedure, and a “thinking‐ahead” procedure were taught to institutionalized, aggressive, delinquent adolescents as part of an anger‐control intervention package. A multiple baseline design across four subjects and an alternating‐treatments design were used. The effects of intervention were assessed on problem‐solving ability, use of self‐guiding verbalizations for coping with anger provoking situations, reported frequency of anger‐control behaviors relative to loss of anger‐control incidents, and behavioral progress within the institution. All youths showed improvement during the training of problem solving on hypothetical dilemmas, with some generalization to untrained problems. Follow‐up data on some youths suggested maintenance of treatment gains. Three of the youths displayed increased usage of self‐instructions and thinking‐ahead statements during personal anger‐provoking situations. All youths displayed an increase in self‐reported anger‐control behaviors relative to loss of anger‐control. Improvements in behavior outside of the therapy sessions were indicated by positive behavio

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360040305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwelve children referred for short‐term inpatient psychiatric treatment also received intervention for Functional Encopresis. Treatment consisted of an initial regimen of cathartic medication (CATH MED) followed by prompted toileting trips after meals for bowel retraining (TRIPS). Maintenance medications were given throughout both conditions. Staff records were used to document the integrity and impact of treatment. Compared to baseline, CATH MED was associated with an increase in independent toileting but no reduction in accidents. Significant improvements were obtained on both of these measures during the subsequent TRIPS condition. Some association among demographic, integrity, and outcome measures was detected. There was modest evidence for maintenance of improvements at one‐year follow‐up. Implications for the delivery and evaluation of inpatient treatment for encopretic children are disc

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360040306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEnhancement of sensory, cutaneous stimulation may be one reason for self‐injurious behavior among persons with mental retardation. For self‐injury involving head or face, a contingently applied helmet prevents access to the sensitized skin area. Such a restraint procedure, with visual occlusion superimposed on the helmet, was tested with two women who are profoundly retarded. Helmet and transparent shield reduced target responses by both women to approximately 7% of baseline rates. When the helmet's face shield was made opaque, a small, further response reduction was obtained. Stable, low rates were maintained over a 6‐month maintenance p

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360040307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360040301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY