摘要:

SummaryThrough inbreeding we obtained diploid drones in 5 colonies ofMelipona quadrifasciatain the ratio of 1 male to 1 female (workers + queens). These colonies continued to produce queens, so we conclude that a new locus from theXseries was present, with 3 or more alleles; x°(°= ovary). Individuals hemizygous for x°(x°1, x°2,…. x°n) and homozygous (x°1/x°1,…. x°n/x°n) would be haploid and diploid males, respectively, and heterozygous individuals would be females.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099950

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryAbsconding behaviour of the Africanized honeybee in French Guiana, South America, is described. Two types of absconding were recognized: disturbance-induced (i.e., predation, manipulation, etc.) and resource-related or seasonal absconding, probably induced by a dearth of resources during the wet season or by overheating during the dry season. In pre-absconding colonies where disturbance was not involved, brood rearing decreased dramatically, with few or no larvae present in colonies about ten days before absconding. Egg-laying continued at a low level until nearly all of the sealed worker brood emerged; colonies absconded within a day of the end of the sealed brood emergence. Patterns of nectar and pollen storage prior to absconding were highly variable. Inspection of colonies immediately after absconding showed that there was little (<100 cm2) or no eggs, larvae, sealed brood or stored pollen, nectar or honey. Comparison of pre-absconding and persisting colonies prior to the absconding season revealed no characteristics useful for predicting absconding, although the distributions of the last swarming dates before the absconding season were different for the two groups of colonies. Colonies that had swarmed just prior to the absconding season and that had low numbers of workers, particularly young workers, had a relatively high probability (0·45) of absconding during the wet season.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099951

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryCompetition experiments at an artificial feeding dish revealed interactions among the species according to body size:Trigonaattacked mainlyA. floreaandA. cerana; A. floreareacted toA. cerana, andA. ceranaattackedA. dorsata.In exclusion experiments, smaller species proved more successful than larger ones.Altogether 51 comb samples with honey and pollen stores were examined microscopically; 46 pollen types recorded are listed, and most of them identified. The average number of different pollens in individual samples, and the absolute number in all samples from one bee species, were highest forT. iridipennisand lowest forA. dorsata.There was a correlation between the aggressiveness of a bee species and the versatility of the pollens in food stores. For some of the most common bee plants, correlations were found between body size of the bee species and the frequency of occurrence of the pollen grains in its food stores.Competition for food is not a limiting factor for the co-existence of the four bees studied. The disadvantage of the limited flight range of a small species is compensated by a more aggressive behaviour, which allows it to defend food sources in its smaller territory, and then to prevent disastrous competition.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099952

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryForaging behaviour patterns of two races ofApis melliferawere compared: E, of European origin, andA, hybrids descended from African strains. Results showed the following differences: (a) the time interval between inspecting two successive feeders was shorter forAthan forE, if searching activity is excluded; (b) the relative endurance (faithfulness) at a patch (group) of feeders ofAwas about 60% of that ofE; (c) when the rate of sugar flow was high, incomplete inspections of feeders were relatively more frequent byAthan byE. These differences seem to be related to a higher sensitivity ofAthan ofEto flow changes. Such a difference might help to explain the greater efficiency ofAthan E as a sugar (nectar) collector.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099953

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe temperature between brood combs was measured in free-flying colonies kept in 4-frame hives, under normal conditions and after heating with three 15-W light bulbs, and in small plastic hives kept in a cage inside a refrigerator at 10°C. Both European and Africanized honeybees were successful in maintaining a steady temperature in the brood nest under the various conditions. Some possible differences in the thermoregulatory mechanisms involved are discussed.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099954

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryEach of 11Apis cerana indicaqueens was mated instrumentally to 5–29 of her brothers. Any queen mated to more than 15 brothers laid only fertilized eggs in worker cells. UnlikeA. mellifera, almost allA. ceranalarvae produced by sibling-mated queens survived their first day of larval life. The youngest larvae were collected from worker cells for microscopical investigation. Examinations of slides prepared from 572 larvae (originating from all the sibling-mated queens) showed that 27·4% were drones, most of which must have developed from fertilized eggs. This percentage is close to the expected 25%, and it is concluded that the sex determination mechanism inA. ceranais similar to that inA. mellifera, where there is one sex locusXwith several alleles. Heterozygosity results in females, homozygosity in diploid males, and hemizygosity in haploid males. The fate of diploid drone larvae in the colony is different inA. ceranaandA. mellifera.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099955

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryA volatile pheromone left at a food source by foragers induced others to alight. Pheromone from the dorsal surface of the abdomen was more effective than from the head and thorax. The response of bees to a food source with an artificial scent was increased with the addition of the forage-marking pheromone. When extracted from the substrate with dichloromethane it retained its biological activity.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099956

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryAltogether 96 queens were inseminated instrumentally with 8 mm3of semen, and placed in queenless colonies, protected in various ways: in a screened cage without or with workers; in a cage or isolator provided with queen excluder, permitting free access of workers to the queens. The queens were killed 48 h after insemination, the oviducts were examined for presence of semen, and the number of spermatozoa in the spermatheca counted. The least satisfactory result, with the queen in a screened cage without workers, gave 3·002 million spermatozoa in the spermatheca; the best, when the queen was in a queen-excluder isolator, gave 5·256 million spermatozoa. So the second method gave a 75% increase in the number of spermatozoa that migrated into queen's spermatheca, more than can be gained by a second insemination.It is recommended that the inseminated queen should be released on a comb under a queen-excluder isolator, which remains in position until the queen starts to lay eggs.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099957

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySmall colonies of newly emerged honeybees were fed a synthetic diet containing 18 amino acids, 10 water-soluble vitamins, and sucrose, supplemented with 1% (dry weight) of (a) pollen ash, or (b) Wesson's salt mixture, or (c) a Beltsville ash mixture, or (d) nothing. The Beltsville ash mixture was based on the mineral contents of pollens collected in 7 areas in the USA. The number of larvae reared to the sealed stage was greatest with (c), but most diet was consumed with (d), followed by (b), (a), (c). At a 5% probability level, brood rearing with (d) differed from that with (a) and (c), and consumption with (c) differed from the other three.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099958

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryTechniques were developed for fractional analysis of undiluted microquantities of floral nectar by HPLC. Quantitative and qualitative differences are shown between almond nectar secreted by freshly opened flowers and by those a few days old; they demonstrate the reproducibility of data obtained. HPLC characterizations may thus be utilized in plant breeding, to ensure that compatible genotypes with similar spectra of volatiles and taste components are brought together when cross-pollination is essential. They may also be useful in studies of foraging behaviour of bees among plant phenotypes and genotypes.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1979.11099959

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1979

数据来源: Taylor