摘要:

SummaryFor 21 larvae cocoon diameter (4·3 to 8·1 mm) was positively correlated with mean temperature at the fourth instar stage (27·06, SE±0·17 to 31·89, SE±0·15°C;r= 0·59, P<0·01) and negatively correlated with variation in temperature (coefficient of variation, CV, 2·38 to 4·65;r=−0·53, P<0·05). Larvae located centrally in a brood clump generally experienced higher and more stable temperatures (30·89±0·39°C; CV, 2·77±0·16) than those located peripherally (29·10±0·34°C; CV, 3·26±0·13). Pupal weight was highly correlated with centrally located pupal cocoons of 7·27, SE±0·30 mm in diameter and peripheral cocoons of 5·78, SE±0·28 mm in diameter (r = 0·95, P<0.001).

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100651

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryAbout 300 newly-emerged workers were marked and placed in a queenless nucleus containing 3000–5000 bees. Samples of 3 marked bees were taken at approximately 5-day intervals over a period of 43 days, and their ovaries and mandibular glands examined. Development of the ovaries was detectable from the fifth day of life, and the mandibular gland cells exhibited a greater and more prolonged increase in size than those of workers from a queenright colony. The phase of greatest gland development, between 10 and 25 days of age, coincided with that of greatest ovarian development.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100652

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySamples of blood were taken from larvae which had straightened in their cells (10–11 days old), and from young pupae. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the samples after they had been strongly dissociated using a buffer, made possible the determination of detailed distributional and quantitative characteristics of the blood proteins, including the determination of molecular weights of particular protein fractions or their subunits. Densitometer scans revealed 24 well-defined fractions in larval blood and 27 in pupal blood. It was shown that after dissociation almost all the protein fractions had molecular weights ranging between 14 000 and 94 000 daltons. Preliminary comparisons between the larval and pupal blood protein spectra revealed some distributional and quantitative differences.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100653

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe behaviour of honeybees (Apis mellifera) foraging in a patch of artificial flowers was studied experimentally with colour and odour as manipulated variables. Honeybees associated food with colour and/or odour and established individually constant foraging patterns. In a patch of colour-dimorphic flowers some bees were constant to yellow and some to blue flowers when all flowers provided clove-scented rewards. The colour-constancy of individual bees was not altered when the scent of all rewards was changed to peppermint. However, when the scent of only one colour morph was changed, some bees remained constant to colour, whereas others switched colour attachment and remained constant to odour. In a patch of uniformly coloured but odour-dimorphic flowers some bees were constant to peppermint-scented and some were constant to cinnamon-scented flowers. A change in the colour of all flowers did not reduce the level of odour-constant foraging. Individual constancy to either colour or to odour can be sufficient to restrict gene flow between flower morphs. Whenever such individual constancy of pollinators occurs in nature, sympatric differentation of flower morphs is possible.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100654

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryData collected during 2 years showed that the frequency with which honeybee (Apis mellifera) foragers were caught on onion flowers (Allium cepa) and tagged was proportional to colony population. In each year, 3 sizes of population were studied by using hives with single, double or triple brood chambers. Nearly 3000 metal tags were recovered each year from foragers returning to the test colonies after having been tagged at stations within each of the onion fields. The number of tags recovered per colony was proportional to colony population in one year and almost proportional in the other. Colony weight gains and bees/min flying from hive entrances were also proportional to colony populations. Thus, it is concluded that the rate of remuneration for beekeepers providing honeybee colonies for onion pollination in Arizona should be directly proportional to the strength of the colony.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100655

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryTwelve cultivare of red clover (Trifolium pratense) differed in numbers of inflorescences/unit area of row, and in nectar secretion characteristics, but not in number of pollen grains per anther. Inflorescences contained from 8·1 to 34·0μl nectar with sugar concentrations ranging from 33·1 to 49·3% (from 4·4 to 14·8 mg sugar/inflorescence) and from 267 to 554 pollen grains per anther. All cultivars began to flower within 2 weeks of one another and continued over a 12-week period.One cultivar of each of 3 species of alfalfa (Medicago sativa, M. falcataandM. media), one cultivar of each of red clover (T. pratense), alsike clover (T. hybridum), white clover (T. repens) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) were compared for numbers of inflorescences per unit area, nectar secretion and pollen production characteristics. Seasonal nectar-sugar production of Altaswede red clover was estimated at 883 kg/ha, compared with estimated yields of 254–558 kg/ha for the alfalfa cultivars. Dawn alsike, Daeno white clover and Leo birdsfoot trefoil had estimated sugar yields of only 44, 24 and 23 kg/ha respectively. The high nectar yields of red clover in the Peace River region should support a substantial increase in numbers of honeybee colonies.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100656

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySeveral pure species (Cereus giganteus, Simmondsia chinensis, Prunus dulcis, Larrea tridentata, Populus fremontii) of pollen collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera) plus mixtures of bee-collected pollen were analysed for the presence of phagostimulants by feeding of extracts of them mixed with candy to caged bees and measuring the amounts consumed in comparison with a reference food. All species and mixes of pollen, even the poorly nutritive and unpreferred cottonwood pollen (P. fremontii) contained phagostimulants. Phagostimulants were found in extracts prepared with polar solvents, non-polar solvents, and solvents of intermediate polarity. Phagostimulants were found in all fractions collected from silicic acid column chromatography except the least polar fraction consisting mainly of hydrocarbons and other extremely non-polar compounds. Thus the results suggest that phagostimulants in pollen are not limited to one discrete class of compounds, and likely comprise a variety of compounds. Pollen consumption by bees is probably induced primarily by the cumulative effects of numerous compounds in pollen in the absence of specific repellents, rather than by one or a few specific compounds.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100657

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryLarge amounts of acute paralysis virus (APV) were extracted from dead, field-collected samples of European honeybees (Apis mellifera) from Russia and German Federal Republic. Virus isolates were compared to the British type strain. Particles of the three isolates were physically indistinguishable and closely related serologically, and each produced three well-defined protein bands of apparently identical mol wt on SDS Polyacrylamide gels. In Britain APV has never been found to be associated with mortality in nature. In both Russia and Germany the occurrence of APV in dead field bees and brood was associated with infestation of the colonies by the miteVarroa jacobsoni.The possible role of the mite in APV infection of honeybees is discussed.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100658

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryTwenty retail samples of honey purchased in Sydney, Australia, were analysed for HMF content using both the Codex Alimentarius Commission method (1969) and HPLC. No significant differences in reproducibility or levels found were observed between the methods. Furfural, which was detected in half the samples analysed by HPLC, was shown to cause overestimates of HMF by the Codex method in samples with known amounts of furfural added. Greater differences between the two methods were observed using heated honeys, with the Codex procedure giving higher values. This was not caused by furfural which did not increase in the honeys during heating.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100659

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryA previous study indicated thatEumegachile pugnatamay be managed for pollination of sunflower. Additional field studies show that females prefer to nest in deep holes along the margins of nesting units (wooden blocks with holes containing drinking straws). More nests were made in units placed in dense rows of unthinned sunflower plants than were made in units placed at the field margin. An 8-fold increase in the field population was obtained in hybrid plantings and less than 1% of the bee cells were destroyed by nest associates. Mortality of immature stages differed within nesting units; egg mortality in nests constructed near edges exposed to long periods of sunlight was higher than in nests made in protected areas of the unit.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100660

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor