摘要:

SummaryHoneybee colonies of Africanized and European (Italian) types, and hybrids between the two (Italian×Africanized), were assayed for eleven measures of colony defensive behaviour. The Africanized colonies were significantly more defensive than the European ones. The hybrids were intermediate to the parental types in terms of seconds to respond to a sting target, total stings delivered, number of bees around the colony entrance prior to testing (0 s), and number of bees in the air at 60 s and 90 s. The hybrids were similar to the European parent in terms of seconds to respond to alarm pheromone, number of responding bees around the colony entrance at 30 s, 60 s and 90 s, and the number of bees in the air at 0 s and 30 s.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100793

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe defensive behaviour of Africanized (10) and European (8) honeybee colonies was compared at 520 and 2450 m above sea level (34°and 17°C, respectively) by measuring the time to the first sting on a moving leather patch and the total number of stings received by the patch 30 seconds after the first sting. Considering results from both locations, Africanized colonies were, on average, twice as fast to sting and left eight times more stings (P<0·01). Considering the responses of both geographical types, the average time to first sting was doubled and average number of stings was halved at the higher site (0·01

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100794

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe effects of two systemic insecticides, carbofuran and dimethoate, at concentrations sublethal to adult worker honeybees (<1·25μg/g food) on larval growth, pupation success and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were investigated in worker larvae reared on royal jelly (RJ) in the laboratory. Larvae initially exposed to either insecticide at 5μg/g RJ at a late age (e.g. 96 h) gained weight more slowly than control larvae and died relatively early. Insecticide concentrations of 1·25μg/g rarely disrupted growth of larvae first exposed at 72–96 h of age. Concentrations sublethal to adults sometimes rcduced mature weights of larvae first exposed at an early age (44 h). Rcduced numbers of potentially viable pupae resulted when these larvae were exposed to carbofuran at 1·25μg/g or dimethoate even at 0·313μg/g. As activity of AChE in homogenstes of untreated larvae was highly variable, AChE activity does not appear to be as reliable a criterion for detecting insecticide poisoning of larvae as reduction in larval weight. Results suggested that long-term exposure of honeybee larvae to insecticide-co n laminated diets at concentrations not immediately lethal to worker adults may cause significant hidden damage to colonies.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100795

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryAn analytical method for the analysis of bee repellent residues to 1 ppm in honey samples was developed. The method involved a single ether extraction of a water-diluted honey sample followed by gas chromatographic analysis. The bee repellent residues detected in the honey for each repellent included: butyric acid from butyric anhydride (Bee Go®); propionic acid from propionic anhydride; phenol from applied phenol, and benzoic acid from benzaldehyde. Quantification of benzoic acid in honey samples was hindered by the varying amounts of natural benzoic acid in honey. From field trials, it seemed that the use of phenol and propionic anhydride left considerably larger amounts of residue (averaging 6·6 ppm for phenol and 7·9 ppm for propionic anhydride) in honey than the use of butyric anhydride or benzaldehyde (most samples containing trace levels,<0·5 ppm).

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100796

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThirtyCalluna vulgarisL. (Hull) honeys have been analysed, 9 of which were rejected (30%) as heather honeys following the methods of the International Comission for Bee Botany. The study demonstrated theCallunapollen percentage composition (10–30%), the identified pollen taxa, details of the pollen spectra of all the accepted honeys, and the honeydew indicators. A total of 90 taxa have been defined with an average of 33 per honey. The samples belong to groups III and IV of Maurizio (1973).

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100797

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe volatile flavour compounds from a unifloral manuka honey (Leptospermum scopariumForst.) were isolated and analysed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-nine compounds were identified. In a comparative study, the effects of heating on the volatile flavour composition were evaluated. The results show that heating honey at temperatures as low as 50°C leads to formation of new volatile flavour compounds, and that the peak areas of many compounds vary significantly as a result of different heating conditions. These results also suggest that furfural, rather than hydroxymethylfurfural, may be a more appropriate marker for heated honey.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100798

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThis work characterizes the composition of Turkish royal jelly as determined from a sample provided by a local commercial producer. The constituents analysed were moisture, total sugars, lipids, proteins, amino acids, ash, minerals (iron and calcium) and vitamins (thiamin riboflavin, niacin). The same royal jelly sample was freeze-dried, both at a laboratory and an industrial scale. The compositions of freeze-dried products were investigated comparatively through determination of total acidity over a 6-month period. Various formulations were developed for tablet-making and the most favourable formulation was recommended for industrial production.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100799

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryIn a trial onBrassica campestrisL. var.sarsoncv.‘BSH–1’, pod setting, seeds/pod, proportion of healthy and unhealthy (husks) seeds, weight of healthy seeds, oil content and oil yield were compared in net-caged, muslin-bagged and open-pollinated flowers. Per cent pod setting, seeds per pod and proportion of healthy seeds were significantly higher in open-pollinated flowers than in net-caged and muslin-bagged ones. The average weight of 100 seeds and oil content of seeds were significantly greater from muslin-bagged than from net-caged and open-pollinated flowers. Oil yield was 9·76 and 1·55 times higher under open pollination and net caging, respectively, than under muslin-bagging. Although there were many insect flower visitors,Apis cerana indicaF. was the most common pollinating species. Bees mainly foraged on the crop for nectar.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100800

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryPollen foraging activity of honeybees (Apis melliferaL.) in a Costa Rican cacao (Theobroma cacaoL.) plantation was studied for 6 days during a period of intense flowering (late September). The purpose was to determine the potential of honeybees as pollinators of cacao. Honeybee colonies, with an unknown complement of African (A.mellifera scutellata) genes, were placed in two distinct habitats: near the centre of the plantation, and at the border between the cacao and surrounding forest. The relative frequency of pollen collection from different pollen sources, was determined daily.Eleven major pollen types were gathered, among which Moraceae,Zea mays, other Gramineae, and Palmae, predominated. No cacao pollen was found in the pollen loads of returning foragers and no honeybees were seen visiting cacao flowers within the vicinity of colonies. Some bees must have flown great distances for alternative pollen.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100801

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySurvival and development of prepupae of the alfalfa leafcutter bee,Megachile rotundata(F.), for 4 locations in Alberta, Canada, were investigated during incubation of cocoons at eight constant temperatures in the laboratory. Good survival was observed for incubation temperatures of 20–32°C and there was no significant interaction in postoverwintering mortality between males and females. In some cases, prepupae held at 35 or 37°C went through a state of arrested development for 2–3 weeks, which may be a form of aestivation. Development times at seven constant temperatures by location and sex are provided. There were no significant differences among locations in mean development time and a common linear regression equation for development versus temperature was determined. Threshold temperature for prepupal development was estimated to be 15·7°C and 295 accumulated‘degree-days’were required for 50% completion of adult emergence. This information was used for successful prediction of adult emergence when leafcutter bee cocoons were placed in a commercial incubator. The duration and temperature of cold storage for cocoons prior to incubation must be standardized to allow homologous comparisons of research results.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100802

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor