摘要:

SummaryThe foraging behaviour ofA. melliferaandA. c. indicahoneybees on apple flowers was studied at three altitudes in the north-west Himalayas (1350, 1875 and 2400 m above sea level).A. cerana indicabegan to forage earlier in the morning thanA. melliferaand stopped later in the evening at all three altitudes. Foraging trips byA. melliferalasted significantly longer (P<0·01). In both species nectar collectors outnumbered pollen collectors (P<0·01), the mean ratio of pollen to nectar collectors being 1:2·08 forA. c. indicaand 1:2·78 forA. mellifera.Peak foraging activity forA. c. indicaoccurred at 09.00–11.30h. min when the temperature ranged between 15·5 and 21°C and 11.00–13.30 h. min forA. melliferawhen the temperature was 21 to 25°C. By placing both species in the same orchard the duration of peak activity might be prolonged and better pollination obtained. Foragers ofA. melliferacarried significantly heavier pollen loads, touched more stigmas and remained longer on individual apple flowers than those ofA. c. indica.Altitude affected the times of initiation and termination of foraging activity and the duration of a foraging trip but not other behavioural parameters such as preference for nectar or pollen, peak time of foraging, pollen load, number of stigmas touched or average time spent in visiting a flower.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100717

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryInterrelationships between flight activity of the little honeybee,Apis florea, and abiotic and biotic environmental factors were studied by both simple correlation and path-coefficient analysis. Bee activity was positively correlated with air temperature, light intensity, solar radiation and nectar-sugar concentration and negatively with relative humidity. Path-coefficient analysis revealed whether the relationship expressed by a simple correlation was direct or indirect. Of the five factors studied only relative humidity and solar radiation were found to influence flight activity directly. As a high correlation did not necessarily indicate a direct influence, the use of path-coefficient analysis in conjunction with correlation is recommended.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100718

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe evenness of behavioural observations of a group of honeybees is indicated by the easily calculableD1measure (divergence from equiprobability) of information theory. A lowD1measure indicates that the members of a cohort of bees used for collecting behavioural data have been selected without bias. Values ofD1ranging from approximately 2% to 7% ofH1max(first-order diversity) are reported for 13 colonies of bees observed using scan sampling in experiments made in the past several years. The interpretation and importance of these results are discussed.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100719

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySound from four types of honeybee (Apis melliferaL.) activity was analysed for high-frequency content: flying, hissing, waggle-dancing and clustering outside the hive entrance. Significant high-frequency sound was detected during each kind of activity. The high-frequency sound produced by bees outside the hive entrance at night and during the hiss response is within the hearing range of both the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonellaL.) and the lesser wax moth (Achroia grisella(F.)) and so may play a role in communication by affecting the behaviour of the moths.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100720

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryHoneybees (Apis mellifera) were trained to artificial floral arrays to investigate their discrimination of, and constancy to, UV as a floral colour. The floral arrays enabled colour to be varied while other floral characteristics (odour, height, etc.) remained constant. Bees were trained to an array that had only one colour morph, and then were tested on arrays to which had been added increasing frequencies of an opposing floral colour-morph. Colours tested were yellow, UV and‘bee purple’(yellow plus UV). Bees trained to UV or bee purple remained constant to those colours when opposing colour morphs were inserted; bees trained to yellow were variable in their constancy. It was concluded that honeybees can not only discriminate between and remain constant to flowers when the sole floral cue difference is the presence or absence of UV reflectance, but also show a greater constancy to flowers having at least some UV reflectance.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100721

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryAn apiary containing 10 drone honeybee colonies was established beyond the range of honeybee habitation at 762 m elevation in 1984 and at 914 m in 1985, in north-western Alberta. Five nuclei, each with a virgin queen and workers but no drones were placed in the drone apiary and at 2-km intervals up to a distance of 20 km from the drone apiary in 1984 and 30 km in 1985. Some matings occurred at a distance of 20 km in 1984 and 12 km in 1985. Mating distance was significantly correlated with time (days) to the beginning of oviposition (r= +0·723 for 1984 andr= +0·830 for 1985). Mating distance and numbers of spermatozoa, and time to the beginning of oviposition and numbers of spermatozoa were significantly correlated in 1985 (r=−0·676 andr=−0·591, respectively) but not in 1984. In both years significant multiple correlations were found for distance, numbers of spermatozoa and time to beginning of oviposition (R= +0·747 for 1984 and +0·831 for 1985).

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100722

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryPolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyse phenoxyethanol extracts from honeybees (Apis mellifera) for malate dehydrogenase activity. Nine natural populations in Kenya consisting of the subspeciesApis mellifera litorea, Apis mellifera nubica, Apis mellifera monticolaandApis mellifera scutellatawere sampled. Allozyme variation in the threeMdhalleles found was quite uniform in all the populations. There were small differences among the populations in allele frequencies and in levels of enzyme activity as indicated by intensity of bands. Genetic variation was lower in honeybees than in samples of fiveZaprionusspecies (Diptera, Drosophilidae) taken earlier from the same localities.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100723

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe influence of the amount of eggs and larvae (unsealed brood) in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies on temporal division of labour was investigated. Within normal ranges of unsealed brood, there were no changes in either foraging age or worker longevity (length of life) between colonies with low, medium and high amounts of eggs and larvae. Previous studies have shown positive correlations between unsealed brood and pollen collection. It is suggested that colonies responded first to changes in the quantity of eggs and larvae by changing the extent of pollen collection, rather than the age at which foraging occurs.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100724

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryToxicological and morphogenic studies were carried out to determine the potential hazard to honeybee (Apis mellifera) brood of pesticides which have contaminated the food in the hive. Pesticides were added to the food in individual brood cells using a microsyringe. Precise qualitative and quantitative monitoring of the pesticide effect throughout the brood cycle and into the adult stage was possible. Each pesticide was tested at three or more dosages, on worker larvae 1–2, 3–4 and 5–6 days old, for effects on mortality and on amorphogenic changes. Linear regressions were used to construct dosage-mortality curves. Results indicated that mortality may occur at any stage of larval, prepupal or pupal development and to emerging or newly emerged adults. Some adults that survived were light in colour, and of light weight, and often had deformed wings or no wings; they were weak and died soon after eclosion. Of the 31 pesticides tested by the morphogenic technique, six were eventually non-toxic, 19 were simple poisons, and six were both poisonous and amorphogenic. Some were less toxic, some equally toxic and some more toxic to brood than to adults. Studies are in progress to determine usage, dosage, timing of application, and substitution strategies to decrease the hazard of pesticides which contaminate brood food in the hive.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100725

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryEssential oils were obtained by water distillation of seeds of ajwan (Trachyspermum ammi(L.)) and leaves of chenopodium (Chenopodium ambrosioidesL.), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus(L.)), eucalyptus (Eucalyptusspp.) and lantana (Lantana camaraL.). Oils were evaluated in the laboratory for gustatory repellency (CCR50) and stomach toxicity (LD50) to worker honeybees ofA. c. indicausing benzaldehyde as a reference standard. Oils of ajwan, citronella, chenopodium, lantana and eucalyptus respectively were 6·49, 5·95, 3·20, 1·31 and 0·69 times as repellent and 3·74, 1·15, 2·15, 1·10 and 1·36 times as toxic to bees as benzaldehyde. The order of safety to bees (ratio of LC50to CCR50) was citronella (11·36)>ajwan (3·81)>chenopodium (3·27)>lantana (2·62)>benzaldehyde (2·19)>eucalyptus (1.11). On the basis of its high gustatory repellency, low toxicity and high margin of safety, citronella appears to be a promising candidate for further repellency tests.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1986.11100726

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1986

数据来源: Taylor