摘要:

SummaryIn order to rear diploid drones with larger testes, the inheritance of testis size was investigated. The genie balance hypothesis was tested in relation to the different additive effects of variousX-alleles. Different levels of heterozygosity of multiple loci were also considered.Apis mellifera adansoniiandA.m. ligusticawere crossed to determine theX-allele composition of the offspring; this resulted also in different degrees of heterozygosity in the progeny. About 300 queens were instrumentally inseminated, and haploid and diploid drones originating from 23 queens were investigated; 1460 testes were measured.The size of the testes of haploid drones of various groups differed very little. The average volume of the testes of various groups of haploid drones was 2·7–6·5 times as large as that of diploids of the same groups. Diploid drones of African bees had larger testes (mean volume 4·14 mm3) than those of Italian bees (mean 1·82 mm3), and backcrosses to Italian queens resulted in medium-sized testes (mean 2·76 mm3).Homozygosity ofX-alleles reduced the size of the testes of diploid drones, but this size did not follow theX-allele compositions of the individuals. Thus the different additive ability of variousX-alleles was not detected here.An increase of the heterozygosity of loci other than theX-locus did not decrease the size of diploid testes. The inheritance of this size was in accordance with additive action of special polygenes. Thus, breeding diploid drones with larger testes should be carried out on the basis of polygenes.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099763

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryPure nutrients or fractions of royal jelly were added to whole royal jelly, which was then used to rear larvae to the adult stage in the laboratory. Larvae grew and differentiated almost (if not quite) normally when large quantities of glucose, fructose, sucrose, several water-soluble organic acids, a mixture of essential amino acids, or a vitamin mixture, were added to the diet. Larvae were tolerant of fairly high concentrations of royal jelly protein and smaller concentrations of royal jelly lipids. They grew and differentiated when most constituents of royal jelly were diluted to 66% of their normal concentration. Some of the non-essential amino acids, some organic acids, and com oil were deleterious at low concentrations. Larvae were fairly sensitive to some inorganic salts, and care must be exercised to ensure that excess salt is not introduced into laboratory diets.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099764

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryMethods of fractionating royal jelly into proteins, lipids and small water-soluble molecules are presented. Techniques of dialysis, of precipitating proteins with acetone, methanol or ethanol, of centrifuging out less soluble proteins and lipids, and a combination of techniques, are reported in detail. A fractionation was considered to be successful if larvae could be reared in the laboratory on a food that included all or most of the fractions recombined with each other. The proportion of each fraction obtained from whole royal jelly and the problems commonly encountered with the fractions are presented.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099765

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryA system of mating used in establishing a standard stock of honeybees from 16 lines is outlined. Alternative modifications using 24 lines suggest possible methods of more efficiency in measuring the mathematical consequences of this system and in reducing the loss of heterozygosity. Some results are given, and the possible use of these systems to establish improved breeds of bees is suggested.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099766

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySpermatids of two species of Apidae,Apis melliferaandMelipona quadrifasciata, were studied to find out what happens to the two types of spermatids produced at the end of meiosis, and how the genetic material is organized. It is concluded that the spermatid which receives very little cytoplasm begins a kind of deterioration at the time the cyst membrane collapses, but that it recovers and becomes a functional spermatozoon. Two, not one, spermatozoa are produced from each spermatocyte.It is also reported that, in bee sperm, chromosomes are packed in tandem, although the sequence of the chromosomes varies.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099767

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe response of worker honeybees was observed towards 5 age groups of 10 virgin queens in perspex cages. The introduced queens were most readily accepted at the ages of 7 and 35 days; those aged 14, 21 or 28 days were usually rejected. A multiple regression showed that worker aggression was dependent upon the queen's age and attractiveness, and that attractiveness was the more important factor.The weight loss of virgin queens, stored for 5 days in either queenless or queenright colonies which were fed or unfed, was greatest in queenright unfed colonies. Aggression of groups of 75 caged workers was greatest towards introduced queens which had been stored in queenless unfed colonies.A group of 10 virgin queens stored for 4 days in laboratory cages or in a queenless colony in a flight room lost significantly more weight than 10 queens stored in a queenless colony outdoors. The attractiveness of the queens from the outdoor colony was considerably higher than that of the queens from the other 2 groups.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099768

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryApis cerano indicabees were trained to visit dishes containing scented sugar syrup at sites which entailed flying up or down hill slopes with different gradients. It was found that practically all the foraging bees collected syrup up to about 650 m from the hive along gentle gradients (below 10°), and up to 250–300 m along steep gradients (above 20°). Taking 75% of the total foragers as the major foraging force of a colony, the economic foraging range was estimated to be not more than 800 m over gentle slopes in a hilly terrain under the temperate and climatic conditions of the western Himalayas, and about half this distance over the steep slopes. The maximum range recorded for a single forager was 1423 m along a gentle slope, and 809 m along a steep slope.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099769

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryPollen traps did not produce drastic effects upon colonies of honeybees. The only measurable significant differences between trapped and control colonies were that slightly less honey and pollen were stored in June, and that there was a reduction in the numbers of adults in August. In addition, relatively fewer of the treated colonies survived into the following spring. The traps had apparently no significant effect upon the amount of brood reared at any time, nor did they affect the quantity of honey in store at the end of the season.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099770

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryNumbers of eggs, larvae, sealed cells, and adult workers and drones, were recorded on three dates during the active season in colonies begun with package bees. Ratios of brood to adults decreased throughout the season, and at peak nectar flow the ratio was estimated to be 0·8: 1 to 1: 1; the adult population at this time was 30 000–35 000 bees. Preliminary data indicate that proportionately fewer bees were foraging from colonies in late June than in late August, when adult numbers were higher and the amounts of brood less.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099771

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySome beekeepers in northern Saskatchewan, Canada, have reported recurrent infection in their colonies byStreptococcus pluton, cause of European foul brood disease, in spite of preventive treatment with syrup containing oxytetracycline antibiotics. Ineffective or understrength formulations of the commercial tetracyclines used had been suspected as a contributing cause. However, microbiological assays withBacillus subtilisspore suspensions conducted on a tetracycline-containing powder actually used showed antibiotic activity equivalent to the specifications on the labels.Oxytetracycline activity was destroyed in medicated syrup by exposure in an externally placed glass jar in 24 hours at a maximum temperature of 32°C, while tetracycline persisted for more than 24 hours at a maximum temperature of 39°C. Oxytetracycline activity persisted in treated syrup in externally placed feeder jars, painted black to exclude sunlight, for periods of at least 6 days, even though the syrup temperature reached 40°C during daylight hours.Oxytetracycline-treated syrup marked with a dye was fed to and stored in the combs by a test colony in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, in late June 1972. No antibiotic activity was detected in the marked syrup stored in the combs later than 2 weeks after feeding. Similar tests with two colonies in Ottawa in July, 1973, disclosed very rapid dilution of the syrup when stored in the combs. Only two samples of marked syrup contained antibiotic activity detectable by theB. subtilisassay two days after feeding began.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099772

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor