摘要:

SummaryAscosphaeriosis is described in the parasitic beeCoelioxys rufocaudata, in the nest ofMegachile rolundata. The fungal elements seen on the mummies are morphologically identical to those ofAscosphaera aggregata.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100822

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryA description is given of retinue behaviour in the bumblebee,Bombus terrestris(L.) (using this name in the traditional sense; Macfarlane, 1988). The queen evokes retinue behaviour during a considerable period of colony life. All workers emerging during that time attend her. There were no more than 8 workers in the court at any one time. Attending workers may start buzzing. During the first 5 days of life the future differentation of workers into egglayers and foragers is not reflected in their participation in these activities. Future egglayers and foragers, however, do perform retinue and buzzing behaviour significantly more often than the remaining workers. It is only after the first 5 days of life, i.e. after the start of foraging, that differences between future egglayers and foragers become detectable. From then on future egglayers can be singled out from the other groups in that they participate more often in the court and are more likely to start buzzing while attending.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100823

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryWorker honeybees of different genetic backgrounds were tested, one bee at a time, in a laboratory bioassay of stinging behaviour. Bees from a highly defensive British colony exhibited a lower threshold voltage of electrical stimulation to elicit stinging than bees from a less defensive Italian colony. The procedure described allows natural stinging behaviour to be elicited in the laboratory without the possibility of group effects and free from the complicated sets of environmental conditions that are unavoidable when entire colonies are tested in an apiary. No significant relationship between lancet barb number and stinging behaviour was found for either British or Italian bees. These results are discussed in terms of the currently available array of bioassays of stinging behaviour, and the relevance of the new technique to studies of honeybee defensive behaviour and its genetic basis. Possible modification of the previously described technique for commercial venom collection is also discussed.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100824

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe responses of virgin honeybee queens from strains of bees either resistant or susceptible to hairless-black syndrome were compared after artificial infection with chronic bee paralysis virus. Queens raised from susceptible stocks showed symptoms of disease faster and died sooner than those raised from resistant ones. The survival rate of queens raised from resistant lines was also higher than that of queens raised from susceptible lines.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100825

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe appearance of the lumena from the prothoracic tracheae of healthy bees was in dramatic contrast to those infested byAcarapis woodi.The prothoracic tracheal lumena from healthy bees were empty, whereas those from infested bees were filled with unidentified debris and numerous tracheal mites. The outer membrane of the infested trachea appeared to be very brittle, and the surface of the cuticular intima within the trachea, was often obscured by a thick layer of material which was not observed in the tracheae of healthy bees. Numerous porous, round globules were also within the tracheae, together with the mites themselves, often completely blocking some of the smaller tracheal branches.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100826

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe hypopharyngeal glands from honeybees, with and without heavy tracheal mite infestation, were examined by electron microscopy. In the healthy bees, the individual saccules of the glands were much larger than those observed in the infested bees. The saccules were round and consisted of numerous acinar cells. The nuclei of the acinar cells were large and rich in euchromatin. The cytoplasm contained well-developed endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous membrane-bound, electron-dense granules, and large masses of less dense membrane- bound material, was observed in the acinar cells of healthy bees. In the heavily infested bees, the nuclei of the acinar cells contained dispersed euchromatin, and the endoplasmic reticulum had short, dilated cisternae and numerous lysosome bodies were observed. Electron-dense secretory granules were lacking. The secretory materials in the extracellular ducts were much more electron dense than the same materials observed in the healthy honeybees. These changes are interpreted as pathological, degenerative ones, not the consequences of aging.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100827

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySeasonalNosema apisinfection levels have been assessed in terms of percentage workers infected, mean number of spores/ventriculus with small intestine, and mean number of spores/rectum. Percentage worker infection is found to be a good indicator of the extent of colony infection. Separate rectal spore counts facilitate the recognition of falling infection levels resulting from defecation flights rather than diminished ventricular infection. Samples of bees from central broodcombs were found to be far less useful for determining colony infection levels than samples taken at the hive entrance. Infection levels>50% were associated with colony death or observable colony debilitation. Where some colonies were split during the experimental period, the new daughter colonies that raised replacement queens did not develop different infections levels in the short term (5 months) compared with the daughter colonies that retained their original queens. The seasonal variation in infection levels was very similar to that found in other reported studies.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100828

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe meanNosemaspore count/sampled worker bee was determined for flying bees (8·93×106), entrance bees (6·77·106) and central comb bees (0·31×106;n= 210). More than 80% of the counts were derived from the ventriculi and small intestines with the remainder deriving from the recta. It was concluded that assessments ofNosemainfection level/colony should not be based on bees sampled from the broodnest.No spores were found in workers of less than 8 days old. Mean spore count/infected bee increased almost linearly from 9 days old to 24 days old (>15×106). The highest spore count/bee was 45·20×106. Of bees over 22 days old, 70% carriedNosemaspores. The expression of infection levels in terms of number of infected bees as a percentage of sampled bees, rather than actual spore counts, was found to be a simple but satisfactory method of assessment.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100829

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe developmental stages ofNosema apisZ. (first merogony, second merogony, sporogony, sporoblasts, spores) in the ventriculus of the honeybee (Apis melliferaL.) are described, based on electron microscopy observations. The invasive process is not demonstrated, but there is no reason to believe that invasion by N.apisshould differ from the process of other species in the microsporidian genus,Nosema, where the sporoplasm is injected into the host cell through the polar filament. The development of the parasite is strictly intracellular as in all other microsporidia.Structures within the host cytoplasm indicate a possible intercellular spread of the parasite through extrusion of polar filaments from mature spores still inside the host cell. No proof of secondary vegetative stages invading adjacent cells were found, although this possibility cannot be excluded. Four days post infection (p.i.), mature spores were found in the host cytoplasm; 6 days p.i., spores produced in the gut epithelium of the host were found with extruded polar filaments in the ventricular lumen. Meiotic activities or karyogamy were not seen. It is suggested that the fife cycle ofN. apiscould be asexual.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100830

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryA culture procedure involving heat treatment and employing sheep blood agar was used for the isolation ofBacillus larvaefrom bees.B. larvaewas cultured from all 18 samples collected from hives affected with American foulbrood (AFB) disease and from 2 (3·8%) samples taken from 56 apparently normal hives with no previous history of AFB.B. larvaewas also isolated from 12 (26·1%) of 46 apparently normal hives from apiaries with AFB-diseased hives or from apiaries with recent histories of AFB.Bacillus alveiwas found to be a common inhabitant of bees being isolated from 55 (45·8%) of the 120 samples examined. The incorporation of agar at a concentration of 7% in the culture plates prevented the characteristic swarming of this organism and enabled the isolation ofB. larvaefrom bee extracts containingB. alvei.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100831

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor