摘要:

SummaryDeveloping honeybee (Apis mellifera) eggs taken from worker comb were photographed using phase-contrast microscopy to record embryogenesis through the 10 developmental stages. This photographic record can be used to place any developing embryo accurately in the appropriate stage and, with the exception of stage 4, in the proper division (early, middle, late) of that stage. A reference table summarizing the characteristic features of each stage is presented and can be used to assign embryos to a particular developmental stage.Sixty-three newly laid eggs in a comb required an average of 76·7±2·1 h to hatch in a 35°C incubator, and 23 eggs under oil took an average of 77·6±2·7 h. The difference in times for embryogenesis under the two sets of conditions was not significant, indicating that immersion in paraffin oil does not affect the rate of development. Duration of embryogenesis in this investigation was slightly longer than previously published estimates.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100784

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryA simple, quick and reliable microinjection technique was developed for use with the early honeybee (Apis melliferaL.) embryo. Newly laid eggs were taken from a colony, placed on double-sided‘Scotch’tape, covered with light paraffin oil and injected at the posterior end with a fine glass needle (tip diameter = 2–5μm). Development continued at 35°C under oil. Injection was visualized for this study by injecting a heavy paraffin oil that formed a droplet in the aqueous egg protoplasm. The volume of the injected oil was 0·2–0·4 nl and represented about 0·2% of the egg volume. It is likely that more could have been injected into the embryo. Development of a single injected embryo was photographed till hatching, and the oil droplet could be clearly seen in the newly hatched larva. With practice, about 100 eggs could be injected per hour. Twenty-one percent of the embryos injected with paraffin oil survived till hatching. Development of injected embryos was slightly retarded; 16 injected eggs required 80·0±SE 4±6 h to hatch, which was significantly (P<0·05) longer by an analysis of variance than eggs under oil (77·6±2·7 h,n= 23) or in a comb (76·7±2·1 h,n= 63).

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100785

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryExperiments were performed to assess nectar forage and the availability of empty combs as well as free building space within the nest cavity in relation to wax secretion. There was a positive correlation between engorgement of the honey stomach and wax secretion. While empty combs and free building space were positively associated with wax secretion, their intensity as stimuli is relative to context.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100786

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryAn experiment was performed to assess the relationships among repletion of the honey stomach, wax secretion and queen status in relation to absconding inA.m. scutellata.Absconding is associated with engorgement of the honey stomach and increased secretion of wax scales, but not with the numbers of wax-bearing bees. Wax secretion is correlated with engorgement of the honey stomach, but not with tactile access to the queen. Colonies headed byA.m. capensispseudoqueens swarmed more readily than those headed by conspecificA.m. scutellataqueens. It is inferred that theA.m. capensispseudoqueen lacks pheromonal parity withA.m. scutellatain terms of colony cohesion but is an adequate mimic of theA.m. scutellataqueen for purposes of wax secretion.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100787

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe anatomy of the nectary, the relative amount of nectar secreted, the composition of the nectar and its sugar concentration, were studied in 9 species of the family, Labiatae (Coridothymus capitatus, Melissa officinalis, Phlomis viscosa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia fruticosa, S. hierosolymitana, S. judaica, Satureja thymbra, Stachys aegyptiaca).The visitng rate of the honeybees to the various species was investigated. The nectar is secreted from the asymmetrically thick, disc-like nectary, through modified stomata. These occur on the thicker side of the nectary only. There is a correlation between the volume of the nectary and the amount of nectar secreted. The larger the nectary, the more nectar it secretes. No correlation was found between the type of vascular tissue (phloem, xylem) and the sugar concentration in the nectar,Rosmarinus officinalisandCoridothymus capitatuswere the species most frequently visited by honeybees. The quantitative relationship between sucrose, glucose and fructose differed in the various species examined. Three groups of species were distinguished: 1.MelissaandRosmarinus, in which the amount of hexoses was equal to that of sucrose; 2.Coridothymus, Salvia judaicaandStachys, in which the hexoses were dominant; 3.Phlomis, Salvia fruticosaandSatureja, in which sucrose was dominant. The concentration of the amino acids in the nectar was, in general, low. No clear correlation between the characteristics of the Sowers or of the nectar and the frequency of honeybee visits could be established.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100788

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThroughout the winter of 1984–1985, daily hive and cluster temperatures were recorded in a group of 4 insulated, outdoor wintering (Apis melliferaL.) colonies at 8.00 h.min and again when bee activity and bee-induced entrance defrosting was observed. The latter process was observed on 4 separate occasions during the winter following prolonged cold periods. It occurred in the afternoon of the 1st and 2nd days with the increased temperatures. During the process, the cluster 30°C isotherm extended to the hive top entrance whether it faced N or S, the entrance temperature increased to 35°C, the frost melted, and the bees appeared at the top entrance. Some worker bees rushed out into the snow while many others walked or clustered outside the entrance. This behaviour occurred at ambient temperatures as low as−8·8°C. Only slight temperature changes were observed in other parts of the hive and cluster.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100789

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryQueens were inseminated instrumentally with 1, 2, 4 or 8 mm3of semen, killed and examined at different times up to 40 h after insemination. The number of spermatozoa (S) entering a queen's spermatheca from a given dose of semen, fitted the logarithmic function,S = a + b·In t(t, time). At first, the rate of increase of the number of spermatozoa in the spermatheca was high, but later, the same increase required twice as long. As time progressed, larger doses resulted in both higher absolute numbers and higher relative increases of numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca. The rate at which spermatozoa entered the spermatheca fitted the functiondS/dt = b/t.It was highest at the beginning, and decreased by half with each doubling of time. Spermatozoa from larger doses entered the spermatheca faster, but relative change of rate with time remained the same.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100790

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryAfricanized bees infested with 0–5Varroa jacobsonimites per bee were measured for 23 lengths and 25 angles on the forewing and 3 lengths on the hind leg. Bees infested with 1–2 mites exhibited virtually no consequence. For bees infested with up to 4–5 mites, some of the measurements had a simple regression on increased mite infestation in at least one data set, but affected structures often differed in this respect between colonies and on the left and right sides of bees. All such lengths exhibited a negative regression. The net effect of parasitism on the exoskeleton appears minor in contrast to reports of substantial loss of protein, haemolymph volume, weight and reduced longevity suffered by infested bees. This is probably because differentiation of the exoskeleton occurs mainly before the most intense feeding by mites and cuticle development proceeds despite a diminishing protein reserve.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100791

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe nectar- and pollen-collecting behaviour of honeybees was observed on two species of canola,Brassica campestrisL. andB. napusL. Honeybees collected nectar from both species. Pollen was usually collected incidently while the bees foraged for nectar, but in one experiment, 48% of the honeybees actively collected canola pollen fromB. napus.Honeybees foraging onB. campestriswere observed to‘cross-over’34–81% of the stigmas compared to 24–53% onB. napus.The lower percentage ofB. napusstigmas crossed may be due to the higher percentage of‘thieving’that occurs on the larger flowers of this species. Thieving onB. napuswas 18–65%. Bees foraging onB. campestrisspent 12·5–19·3 s/plant, visited 2·4–2·6 flowers/plant and spent 4·6–6·6 s/flower. Bees foraging onB. napusspent 13·3–17·0 s/plant, visited 1·9–2·6 flowers/plant and spent 6·1–7·0 s/flower.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1988.11100792

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor