摘要:

SummaryThe most important changes in lipid composition during larval development in the honeybee,Apis mellifera, were noted in the total weight of the fatty acid classes. Palmitic acid and a C18:1 acid, presumably oleic, were the most abundant fatty acids in the different lipid classes during larval development, together accounting for more than 70% of the total. The proportions of the fatty acids changed very little during development. Of the sterols, 24-methylene cholesterol was most abundant in both the free and esterified forms except on the first and second days when cholesterol ester was more abundant. Cholesterol-ester concentration decreased in such a way that on the fifth larval day the percentage composition of the sterol esters was almost identical to that of the free sterols. The composition of the free sterols remained practically constant during development.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100552

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe anatomical relationship between the corpora allata (CA) and the neurosecretory cells of the honeybee brain was studied using the cobalt chloride technique for filling axons and cell bodies. The neurosecretory system contains 3 major cell groups that have axonal connections to the CA. The medial group contains on the average 28 cells with axonal connections to a single CA. There are 2 lateral groups; mean cell numbers are 7 and 4 in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Ramifications of the axons leading to Group 2 extend across the brain to the midline. The honeybee is similar to other insects with respect to the anatomy of its neurosecretory system. No differences in morphology were noted between workers and a small sample of queens.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100553

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe average numbers of ommatidia in the eyes of workers was 3826 and in the eyes of males 7082. Somatic mutations from recessive to dominant were detected in 7 genes, some reported in this paper, some in an earlier publication. The rates of reverse mutation estimated for males were: forchrr,μ=3·38×10−6; foroc,μ=1·96×10−6; forpe,μ=0·17×10−6, fors−la,μ=1·10×10−6and forsp, mu=2·17×10−6. The average wasμ= 1·75×10−6or, withoutpe,μ=2·15×10−6. Estimates for workers were: forby,μ=0·67×10−6; forchr,μ=1·45×10−6; forchli,μ=1·39×10−6; foroc,μ=1·56×10−6; forsla,μ=0·25×10−6; forsp,μ=1·53×10−6. The average for workers wasμ=1·14×10−6or, withoutsla,μ= 1·32×10−6. The balanced average somatic mutation rate for drones and workers wasμ= 1·6×10−6. So far,crhas not shown a single case of reverse mutation, which indicates that either its rate of mutation is less than 2·0×10−8or that it results from a chromosomal deletion. In all cases the mutation rate for a particular gene was greater in males than in workers.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100554

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryCommercial methyl hydrogen nonandioate is of unsatisfactory quality for the preparation of queen honeybee methyl ester, methyl 9-oxodec-2-enoate. We give practical details for the synthesis from commercial nonandioic acid of half ester-acid chloride of high quality; this is converted to methyl 9-oxodecanoate using methyl aluminium dichloride. Queen bee ester was prepared from the ester enolate of methyl 9-oxodecanoateviamethyl 9-oxo-2-phenylselenodecanoate. Details are given for careful purification at crucial stages, and the mass spectra and other spectra of a number of pure compounds are recorded.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100555

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryRemoval of the mandibular glands from workers ofApis mellifera capensisdid not interfere with their becoming reproductively dominant in a group ofApis mellifera melliferaworkers. Activation of the ovaries of themelliferaworkers was inhibited in the presence of Cape bees either with or without their mandibular glands. Gas chromatography plus mass spectrometry confirmed that the main component of the mandibular glands was (E)-9-oxo-2-decenoic acid (75% by weight).

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100556

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe behaviour of honeybees foraging in an artificial flower patch was studied under a variety of experimental conditions. Honeybees associated food with a flower colour and remained constant to that colour. Constancy was on an individual basis, with some bees constant to yellow and some to blue flowers. Individual bees were approximately 97·5% constant to a colour, and the occasional visits to a flower of another colour did not change their constancy to the original colour. The presence or absence of odour stimuli did not change the bees' foraging behaviour, nor did a change in the volume of nectar-per-flower obtained. The foraging behaviour described is potentially a strong isolating mechanism for plants. Since changes in flower colour or morphology can be accomplished by single gene mutations, the results present conditions in which plant speciation may occur much more rapidly than current dogma predicts. Also, sympatric speciation in plants would not be as unlikely as previous studies suggest. Computer simulations showed that the gene leading to ethological isolation and a gene under differential selection in 2 sympatric microhabitats need not be linked in order for divergence in allele frequencies to occur.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100557

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryIn each summer from 1976 to 1979, 5 colonies in each of the following 7 groups were observed: 2 groups of overwintered colonies supplied with dark combs, 5 groups of package colonies of which 2 were provided with dark combs, 1 with white combs, 1 with foundation and 1 with starter strips. The 4-year average weight gain (43 kg) of the colonies with starter strips was significantly less than the gains of all the groups with combs except one of the overwintered groups (other overwintered, 86·3 kg; dark-comb package, 83·6, 79·8 kg; white-comb package, 78·9 kg) with dark combs. In colonies with foundation the average weight gain was 63·9 kg. In 1977 one of the groups of overwintered colonies initially had European foul brood disease and gained 95·6 kg, which was significantly less than the 159·8 kg gained by the other (healthy) group.In 1976 the package groups given starter strips had significantly less capped worker brood (2578 cm2) than those given dark combs (4040, 4198 cm2) or foundation (4350 cm2). Areas of capped drone brood in one of the overwintered groups and one of the dark-comb package groups were significantly larger than those in the white-comb package (92 cm2) and foundation-package (170 cm2) groups. The foundation-package and starter-package colonies built on average 41 597 cm2and 17 088 cm2worker combs and 356 cm2and 1486 cm2drone combs, respectively (P<0·05).

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100558

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThroughout the summer of 1981 honeybees were observed feeding on honeydew exudate from swollen lesions, probably bacterially induced, on the undersides of twigs of Gambel's oak (Quercus gambelii), growing near Colorado Springs, CO., USA. The honeydew appeared to be a phloem derivative, as judged by its chemical composition. Sucrose, glucose and fructose were present, as well as all 20 essential amino acids, proteins, and abundant phenols.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100559

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummarySeveralAscosphaeraspecies were tested for their pathogenicity for larvae of the alfalfa leafcutting bee,Megachile rotundata.Larvae were reared aseptically on a sterile pollen-based diet and inoculated at 6 days of age with spores of the fungi.A. aggregatacaused the distinctive syndrome called‘chalk brood’. BothA. apisandA.proliperdawere pathogenic for larvae and produced syndromes similar to chalk brood inApis mellifera.Chalk brood inM. rotundatawas characterized by colour changes and sporulation ofA. aggregalabeneath the host cuticle.A. apisandA. proliperdacaused no colour changes in infected larvae; white mycelia erupted through the cuticle before sporulation occurred.A. atraandA. majorgrew saprophytically on provisions of leafcutting-bee cells and did not cause larval disease. Spores taken from larvae killed byA. apisor A.proliperdagrew less readily on the pollen diet, and appeared to be more virulent, than spores taken from subcultures.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100560

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryApproximately 15 000 alfalfa leafcutting bees,Megachile rotundata, were released in a 0·4-ha planting of hybrid carrots to assess their potential as pollinators. Bees began nesting soon after release and constructed more than 5000 nests in a 7-week period. However, they visited the surrounding carrol flowers only rarely, and used mostly alfalfa pollen to provision their cells. The predominant insects recorded un carrot flowers were flies, especially syrphids, which were abundant on both male-fertile and sterile varieties. Flies, rather than M.rotundata, may be a useful alternative to the honeybee for carrot pollination.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1983.11100561

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1983

数据来源: Taylor