摘要:

SummaryDead workerBombus honorumand queenB. terrestrisbumble bees representing the narrowest elongate head and the broadest short head likely to be present in the local bumble bee population, were mounted as probes with their proboscides folded in the non-feeding position. The probes were inserted into the corollae of 60 plant species and the distance from the distal tip of the labrum to the bottom of the functional corolla tube, or spur, was recorded at each insertion. The measurements gave a minimum and maximum‘exclusive corolla length’—the part of the corolla tube that can only be probed by the proboscis, because it cannot be entered by the bee's body. The mean exclusive corolla length varied from 0·8 mm forAnthriscus sylvestristo 18·9 mm forMimulus guttatusin the species studied. The technique is intended to facilitate the interspecific collation of corolla lengths, proboscis lengths and bee sizes in studies of food resource availability.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100642

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe distribution of male and female tissues was recorded for 22 adult cuticular structures in 1574 gynandromorphs from 16 gynandromorph-producing queen honeybees (Apis mellifera).The frequency of mosaicism was calculated, and 0–46·67% mosaicism was found for the 22 structures. A mathematical model, developed previously for determiningDrosophilaprimordial cell number (Nissani&Lipow, 1977), was used to calculate from the frequency of mosaicism and total number of blastoderm cells the number of primordial blastoderm cells forming each structure. For an estimated 3700 blastoderm cells, the number of primordial cells ranged from 1 to 214 for the structures examined. The appropriateness of this model to the honeybee is discussed and estimates of cell numbers for equivalent structures inDrosophilaand the honeybee are compared.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100643

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryExtractable surface hydrocarbons of adults of various ages chosen at random from species of honeybees (Apis florea, A. dorsata, A. melliferaandA. cerana), and newly-emerged adult workers of subspecies ofA. melliferawere analysed by gas chromatography and by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. There were significant quantitative and qualitative differences between the hydrocarbons of the 4 species ofApis.The quantity of hydrocarbon per bee was higher forA. dorsataandA. ceranathan forA. mellifera, and even the quantity found in the much smallerA. floreaapproached that of A.mellifera.The major hydrocarbons of the surface waxes ofA. florea, A. mellifera, andA. ceranawere normal alkanes and alkenes. ForA. dorsata, there was also a substantial proportion of branched alkanes. Small quantities of branched alkanes were found in the surface waxes ofA. melliferaandA. cerana, but only traces were found in those ofA. florea.Compared with workers, drones ofA. dorsataandA. ceranahad higher proportions of branched alkanes and short-chain alkenes and lower proportions of normal alkanes and long-chain alkenes. For random-age bees, the unsaturated hydrocarbons ofA. mellifera adansoniicovered a wider range of chain lengths than those of the otherA. melliferasubspecies. The quantities of hydrocarbons extracted per individual from samples of newly-emerged worker bees of different subspecies ofA. melliferawere consistent and the gas chromatograms showed only minor variations. Honeybees from South Africa (A.m. adansoniiandA. m. capensis)and‘Africanized’bees from Brazil had a substantially higher proportion of C35unsaturated hydrocarbons than bees of European origin (A.m. mellifera, A. m. ligustica, andA. m. camica).

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100644

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryDaily winter hive temperatures were recorded in multiple-packs of honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera) equipped with different types of hive entrance. Sixteen hives, each of two Langstroth boxes, were divided into 4 groups; these were then packed with insulation and tar-paper for wintering. In each group, two hives faced N and two S and the same treatment was used within each group. Treatments were: (1) bottom and top entrances (1×5 cm each); (2) fully open bottom entrance; (3) bottom and upper-side entrances (1×5 cm each); (4) bottom entrance (1×5 cm) and a 2·5-cm diameter auger-hole in the middle of the second chamber. During the 1979–1980 and 1980–1981 winters the temperature was recorded daily at 08.00 h using thermistors at 54 points in the SW hive in each of the groups. The ambient temperature fell as low as−38·8°C but the lowest hive temperature did not go below a range from−1°to−14°.All colonies in treatments 1 and 4 maintained a temperature of 30°or higher in the winter cluster throughout both winters. All colonies occupied the upper hive body; colonies in treatment 1 occupied the area close to the top entrance and in treatment 4 the area close to the auger-hole. The temperature of the cluster in colonies in treatments 2 and 3 fell to 28°or 29°on 2 days in December 1980. Colonies with the side top entrance (treatment 3) appeared to be unable to move consistently to that entrance. Colonies in treatment 2 appeared to move slowly to the upper hive body; whilst ambient temperatures remained relatively high they developed rapidly, but with a consequent drop in temperature they lost more cluster size than other colonies. The large quantity of stored food and absence or scarcity of empty cells appeared not to hinder cluster movement.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100645

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryComputer simulation was used to investigate the efficacy of top crossing within closed breeding populations of honeybees. Top crossing is carried out by selecting a single breeder queen (top-cross parent) to contribute all or a significant proportion of the drones needed to inseminate the virgin queens of a closed population. Different population-genetic models were tested by varying the number of queens selected as breeders, the source and relative contribution of the selected top-cross parent and the method of queen replacement each generation. It was demonstrated that acceptable levels of brood viability, as a consequence of genie sex determination, can be maintained for 20 generations of random mating and top crossing in closed populations of at least 50 breeder queens.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100646

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryColony characteristics and profitability were examined for 3 systems of honeybee management in the North Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada: (1) moving bees for pollination (current system), (2) honey production without pollination, and (3) package and nucleus production with and without pollination, A total of 60 colonies were used, divided equally into 6 management systems. Gross profit/colony was highest ($109 or $104)* for colonies used for pollination and from which a nucleus or package was removed. The lowest profit ($14.36) was for colonies managed solely for honey production. Measurements of colony weight, sealed worker brood area and surplus honey production indicated that management systems which involve the most intensive colony management for pollination, honey production and bee production do not detract from overall colony vigour and yield the best income, and also can provide a new source of income through the sale of packages and/or nuclei.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100647

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryDel13C-isotope ratios were determined in royal jelly samples harvested from 4Apis meillferacolonies at Pennsylvania State University. One sample, collected in July 1981, had a13C-isotope ratio of−13·3%0. This ratio indicates that the carbon of the dietary organic material utilized by the bees was predominantly from C4plants. The other samples, collected during August of the same year, had13C-isotope ratios ranging from—25·2 to−25·6%0; thus the carbon of the dietary sources of these bees was primarily from C3plants. The isotope ratios for 6 samples of commercial royal jelly products (pure royal jelly or royal jelly + honey) ranged from−6·9%0to−28·9%0. The possibility that some of these products were adulterated is discussed.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100648

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryRoyal jelly fromApis mellifera ligusticawas examined by proximate analysis, amino acid analysis and chromatographic characterization of methylated fatty-acids using a pattern-recognition method. Crude protein was 11·9%, crude moisture 67·1% and crude lipid 4–3%. Amino acid analysis showed 17 standard protein amino acids and 5 unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds. Aspartic acid was the major amino acid, at 16·1% of the protein content. The major fatty-acid, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid was present at an average concentration of 50·3% of the total fatty acid content. The gross composition of 11 commercial royal jelly products was compared to that of the pure royal jelly used in this study. Six commercial royal jelly products were found to be adulterated.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100649

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryAt two sites in Himachal Pradesh, India, seed set, seed weight and seed germination were compared for 3Alliumspecies which were open-pollinated, enclosed in nylon cages or covered with cloth bags. Seed set and germination were significantly higher in open-pollinated than in caged umbels, but there was no significant difference between treatments for mean weight of 100 seeds. The Indian honeybee,Apis cerana indica, was the most frequent insect visitor. Of the three onion species,Allium cepawas preferred by insect visitors overAllium fistulosumandAllium cepa fistulosum. Apis dorsataforaged exclusively for nectar, but although mostApis ceranacollected nectar, a small percentage collected both nectar and pollen. The amounts of pollen adhering to the bodies of foraging insects varied greatly, honeybees carrying significantly larger amounts than all other insect species exceptEristalis tenax.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1985.11100650

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1985

数据来源: Taylor