摘要:

SummaryA standard method was developed for rearing honeybee larvae on royal jelly in a constant-temperature cabinet at 34–34–5°C and 70–85% relative humidity. Larvae that were 2 days old when transferred from worker comb to foods in the laboratory were superior for studying the differentiation of queens to larvae transferred when younger. Experiments leading to this conclusion, and to other aspects of the standard method, are presented.Larvae reared in the laboratory grew more slowly than those reared by nurse bees in a colony, and most of the laboratory-reared larvae developed into workers or intermediates between queens and workers. Any sort of handling of the larvae slowed their growth rate. Measurements of the head capsule indicated that there were 4 larval moults and a pupal moult.The activity of royal jelly in promoting the development of queens was better preserved by freeze-drying and storing the dried material in nitrogen at−20°than by storing whole royal jelly in a refrigerator or in a deep-freeze at−20°. There was an increase in the insoluble material in whole royal jelly, but not in freeze-dried jelly, during refrigeration.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099752

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryA new method for allatectomy of queen honeybees is described. This technique makes it possible to carry out the allatectomy in the air instead of under physiological solution. After allatectomy, three young queens lived for 22, 35 and nearly 50 days, respectively, and during this time they laid eggs; the two longer-lived queens showed a fairly normal rate of brood production up to about 10 days before death, when the rate decreased. In the period following allatectomy, the workers continued to form a retinue around each queen, and no queen cells were produced in the colonies. This would seem to indicate that production of pheromone by the queens proceeded adequately for the colonies used.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099753

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe age of the workers influenced their behaviour towards a virgin queen introduced to them. Young workers (7 days old) accepted an introduced virgin queen, whereas older workers (14 or 21 days) usually rejected her. Workers 14 days old were more aggressive than those 21 days old. The“aggression score”increased linearly in workers from 8 to 12 days old. The number of pollen collectors also increased linearly throughout this period, but the number of guard bees was greatest at 10 days.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099754

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryExperiments were made to establish the distance over which pollen in the hive could“attract”bees (elicit oriented movement in them). The bees' response to pollen declined significantly when its distance was increased from 1·0 to 1·5 cm, and even more so when it was increased to 1·5 and 2·0 cm; no further significant changes occurred until the distance was increased from 3·0 to 4·0 cm. These results relate to a 1-minute period; over a 3-minute period there was a significant decline when the distance was increased from 2 to 4 cm. Only a few bees responded at 6 and 7 cm, and none at greater distances. Behavioural aspects of the results and the significance of the findings in relation to the use of pollen in the hive are discussed.The results are related to behavioural responses of insects to chemicals whose molecules are diffused in the air. The main deduction from the findings of significance in beekeeping is that pollen in the hive is unlikely to be located and used by the bees in the brood area unless it is very close to this area.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099755

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryFive tests based on the use of small leather balls, kept in motion just outside the hive entrance, were used to evaluate the relative aggressiveness of Italian (Apis mellifera ligustica) and Africanized bees (Apis mellifera adansonii) in Brazil. The tests were: period before the first sting; period before becoming fierce; number of stings in the observer's gloves; number of stings in the leather ball; distance that the bees followed the observer. Data obtained from 5 colonies of Italian bees and 9 of Africanized bees showed that the latter were significantly more aggressive.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099756

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryArrhenosphaera cranei, gen. et sp. nov., fungus, gen.Arrhenosphaera, family Ascosphaeraccae, order Ascosphaerales, class Ascomycetes, series Plectomycetes, subclass Euascomycetidae, was found in Venezuela in 1971. Its segmented and multinucleate hyphae are partly haploid heterothallic and partly diploid monoecious.Sexual reproduction was observed on a nutritive substrate of agar with honey. The gametangia are oval, black ascogonia with 4–10 trichogynes, and colourless, oval antheridia. Following conjugation plasmogamy occurs, by a part of the antheridial cytoplasm with some nuclei passing via a trichogyne into the ascogonium. This is followed by karyogamy and the subsequent mitotic and meiotic parthenogenetic divisions produce four male and four female haploid nuclei which remain within the former membrane to form an ascus. The unfertilized gametangia and segments of adjacent hyphae mass with the asci and unite in groups into compact spore balls and with some free spores form sporocysts (ascomata).Asexual reproduction occurred in slide culture without nutritients. The mycelium produced conidia with slightly larger spores than during sexual reproduction.Infected honeybee larvae filled with mycelium and sporocysts become dry and chalky, and infected pollen forms dry, hard plugs. The only known control of this fungus is achieved by maintaining strong colonies that are able to clean the combs of the fungus, and by burning combs containing infected larvae and flame-disinfecting other frames and the hive.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099757

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe source of the stimuli which attract bees to almond pollen was found to occur in a benzene extract of the pollen, referred to as the“attractant fraction”. When a pollen supplement containing this fraction was compared with untreated pollen supplement, it was preferred by more than 90% of the bees counted.Pollen with added fructose-glucose syrup was more attractive than a pollen with water only, which in turn was more attractive than dry pollen. Similarly, pollen supplement plus the attractant fraction was more attractive when mixed with fructose-glucose syrup than when mixed with water alone. Pollen supplement containing the attractant fraction and sucrose was as attractive as one in which the sugars were sucrose, fructose and glucose in equal weights, but more bees fed on the supplement containing the three sugars than on one that contained only fructose and glucose. There was no significant difference between the numbers of bees counted on pollen supplement containing honey, or sucrose, or fructose and glucose in equal proportions.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099758

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryBaseline acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was established in honeybees from three sources: foraging bees (Group I), upper brood nest area (Group 2), honey storage area (Group 3). AChE concentration was 70, 142·5 and 143·5 units/brain for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, compared with a standard preparation of crystalline bovine erythrocyte AChE. Malathion oral LD50in 1-M sugar syrup was 0·41, 0·82 and 0·87μg/bee for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, after 24 h exposure to the toxicant. AChEin vitrostudies, in which bee head homogenate was the enzyme source, gave malaoxon molar I506·4×10−11M for Group 1 and 1·9×10−10M for Groups 2 and 3. These data indicate differences in AChE concentration, rather than differences in enzymatic activity, in bee brain at different stages of maturity. Bees with less brain enzyme (foragers, Group 1) were more susceptible to organophosphorus AChE inhibitors than younger bees (Groups 2 and 3), which had higher concentrations of brain enzyme.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099759

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe amino acids in seven Australian honeys were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using an automatic amino acid analyser; 17 were separated, identified and measured quantitatively. In general the same amino acids were found in all the honeys (7Eucalyptus, 1Trifolium), but the amounts of the different acids varied greatly, and there were important differences between species. The probable origins of the amino acids in honey are discussed.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099760

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryPopulation losses following relocation of nesting femaleMegachile rotundata, were studied under a variety of environmental conditions. Heavy losses (over 50%) occurred when bees were moved: from nesting sites with many prominent landmarks into alfalfa fields with few landmarks; from fields with abundant foraging blossoms into fields with little bloom; and when strong winds prevailed (over 48 km/h).Losses were much lower when bees were moved: with their original shelters, and into areas similar in landmark composition to the original nesting sites; with their original shelters through only a short distance (100 m); after conditioning to a coloured shelter before a short-distance move; into areas with sufficient bloom to maintain themselves; during periods of low wind speed (under 16 km/h).These results form the basis for recommendations for the commercial transfer of this leaf-cutter bee for alfalfa pollination.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1974.11099761

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1974

数据来源: Taylor