摘要:

SummaryThe laboratory LD50values of organophosphate, carbamate, organochlorine (including cyclodienes) and pyrethroid insecticides were determined for workers ofTrigona spinipes(F., 1793). Determinations used topical application techniques from which dose-mortality was derived using Bliss' method (1935). In order of decreasing toxicity the LD50values for workers, inμg/bee were as follows: heptachlor, 0·0168; dieldrin, 0·0289; Cypermethrin, 0·0704; permethrin, 0·0724; parathion, 0·0956; lindane, 0·1331; methomyl, 0·1402; dicrotophos, 0·685; endosulfan, 0·2097; malathion, 0·2649; acephate, 0·4234; carbaryl, 0·7472; fenvalerate, 1·0880. The insecticides tested were highly toxic toT. spinipes.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100813

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryTwenty-four chemical components from the sting apparatus and 2-heptanone from the mandibular glands of the worker honeybee (Apis melliferaL.) were tested at the hive entrance for their effect on alerting, stinging, Nasonov gland exposure, and flight activity. They were further tested at experimental food sources for their effect on foraging activity. In each bioassay, 33–66% of the components appeared to have some effect. Only 2 components, iso-pentyl acetate and 1-pentanol, elicited a response in all tests, and 4 of the less-volatile components elicited no response in any test in which they were presented. Some components elicited different responses when they were presented at different concentrations. Some components had an inhibitory effect on flight and foraging from the hive entrance, whereas others had a stimulatory effect. When presented at food sources, many components were repellent to foragers; a mixture of 2 components, n-octyl acetate and benzyl acetate, had the maximum repellent effect. The roles of these pheromone components in the control of colony activities, and the opportunities for improving honeybee colony management by the use of synthetic pheromones, are discussed.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100814

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryCells containing honeybee larvae were isolated from contact with workers for periods from 15 min to 24 h. Those which had been isolated for up to 90 min, subsequently received more worker visits than did unisolated ones. Isolation for periods of 3 h or more led to increases in larval mortality. In one test, isolated cells which contained eggs were also visited more than unisolated controls.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100815

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryGroups of 50 worker bees from 125 different colonies of Italian stock were tested in cages in three years of study. Repeated measures of food consumption were similar for single colonies. However, bees from different colonies varied significantly in the amount of food they required for survival during testing. Both this variation and the consistency of repeated measures within colonies suggest that food consumption is, it least in part, genetically determined.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100816

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryHistological studies were made of larvae ofApis melliferawhich had been fed sucrose solution containing spores ofAscosphaera apis.Germinated spores were seen in the lumen of the ventriculus. Hyphae developing from these did not colonize the gut contents extensively, but grew directly through the peritrophic membrane and gut epithelium. Unlike the situation in other genera of mycopathogens, the peritrophic membrane did not appear to provide a barrier to infection byA. apis.Subsequently, the mycelium spread throughout the haemocoel, and after 3 days, the first hyphae were seen to penetrate the integument and grow aerially.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100817

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe effects of environmental temperature and pH on 3 stages of spore germination inAscosphaera apiswere investigated. Activation and enlargement were independent of temperature within a range of 10 to 40°C, and 25 to 40°C, respectively. Germ-tube production was closely temperature-related, only occurring within the range 25 to 37°C, with an optimum between 31 and 35°C. All 3 stages were independent of pH within the range of pH 5 to 7·8 (equivalent to those found in larval haemolymph and gut contents). Lower pH's (equivalent to those found in honey, pollen, and brood food) drastically reduce enlargement and germ-tube production.A. apisappears to be a pathogen highly specialised for life in honeybee larvae.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100818

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryAnalysis of pollen and honeydew elements was performed on 29 honey samples, most of which were collected in 1983, from the province of Manitoba, Canada. Almost all of the honeys studied were unifloral with three pollen types, Brassicaceae (mustard family, canola),Meliloiusspp. (sweet clover) andLotus corniculatus(bird's-foot trefoil), predominating.‘Secondary’pollens, are represented byMelilotusspp., Brassicaceae (others),Trifolium hybridum/T. repens(alsike clover/white clover),Fagopyrum esculentum(buckwheat),Lotus corniculatusandHelianthus annum(sunflower). Honeydew elements were present in very small quantities. Several regional characteristics are shown.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100819

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe recommended procedures for melissopalynology suffer from two problems that can lead to incorrect assignment of honey origin. One problem is the Jack of complete sedimentation of the pollen from honey samples owing to centrifugation of too concentrated a solution for too short a time at too low a centrifuge speed. This can result in selective sedimentation of larger, more dense pollen grains. The other problem with recommended melissopalynology procedures is a lack of insistence that all samples be subjected to an acetolysis procedure. An example of this problem with identification is given where willow and rapeseed (canola) pollen appear virtually identical before acetolysis, but can be seen as markedly different afterwards.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100820

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryHoney flavonoids were isolated by disposable C18 solid state extraction columns and determined by reversed phase HPLC. The main flavonoid in four samples of Swiss honeys (two of floral, and two of honeydew origin) was pinocembrin. Its concentration in honey varied between 2 and 3 ppm. The main flavonoid in two propolis samples of Swiss origin was pinocembrin and its average concentration was 10%.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1989.11100821

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor