摘要:

The development of pediatric anesthesia equipment has passed through many phases, influenced by changes in the equipment available for adult anesthesia and by the appearance of new anesthetic agents.

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Intravenous (IV) equipment presently consists of well-manufactured and standardized catheters, needles, plastic delivery systems, and pumps to regulate flow rate and volume, and is a far cry from the bladder and hollow quill of Johann Daniel Major in 1662 [1]. IV infusions are started for almost all anesthetized patients, and whereas children frequently fear the IV as much (and sometimes more!) than the surgery itself, most anesthesiologists take the IV apparatus and procedure for granted. Problems may nevertheless occur with these devices, and caution must be exercised even with their routine use.

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

During the past thirty years, many papers have been published examining modified breathing circuits for use in pediatric patients as well as modified anesthesia machines [1–14]. All these modifications were designed to improve the mechanics or safety of the circuit for pediatric application. This chapter briefly reviews some of the changes made in breathing circuits—as well as changes in the anesthesia machine itself—and summarizes a practical approach to airway management in infants and children.

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Mammals and birds are homeothermic—maintaining a constant internal body temperature. This homeostasis is disrupted, however, during surgery and anesthesia, when reduction in body temperature is common [1]. The fall in internal temperature may cause serious alterations in body metabolism and result in severe complications. The thermoregulatory system usually keeps central body temperature within about 0.2°C of “normal,” which is accepted to be about 37°C in humans. Temperature monitoring during general anesthesia is now routine. In this chapter, the physiology of body temperature and the effects of anesthesia on thermoregulation are discussed. Temperature monitoring methods are described, and various strategies for preventing and treating perioperative hypothermia in children are evaluated.

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The majority of pediatric patients requiring surgery are monitored noninvasively. In the past 20 years these monitors have traditionally consisted of a precordial stethoscope, electrocardiogram (ECG), noninvasive blood pressure monitor, and temperature probe. Over the past decade, continuous pulse oximetry and end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) analysis have made a significant impact on routine noninvasive monitoring. Temperature assessment and end-tidal CO2monitoring are discussed separately in this issue. The purpose of this chapter is to detail the use of precordial and esophageal stethoscopes, discuss options for measuring blood pressure noninvasively, and review the value of continuous electrocardiography and pulse oximetry in pediatric anesthesia. For most institutions these monitors form the first line of defense against an anesthetic mishap and provide assurance of adequate patient care.

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Monitoring in the practice of anesthesia is becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex, but the vigilance of the individual anesthesiologist remains the most important element in the safe conduct of anesthesia.Invasive monitoring in anesthesia practice has become synonymous with the observation of cardiovascular variables. Medical and technical knowledge of invasive monitoring is rapidly expanding, with manufacturers being quick to correct equipment problems as they are identified (for both commercial and legal reasons). Many companies also provide customdesigned products for individual hospitals (though we believe it would be improper to describe or compare the products of individual manufacturers). This chapter describes the application of currently available monitoring materials and techniques to pediatric practice.

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The equipment required to manage an infant or child's airway is, of course, smaller than that used to manage an adult's. Other, less obvious differences are dictated by the different physiology and anatomy of the pediatric patient. This chapter examines the equipment the pediatric anesthesiologist uses to secure a child's airway in both routine and difficult circumstances and, where applicable, attempts to explain why a particular piece of equipment evolved as it did. In anesthesia, as in other things, form usually follows function.

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other respiratory gases in pediatric patients was at first viewed skeptically because of limitations in obtaining accurate measurements [1]. In a review of capnometers in 1986, the editors ofHealth Devices(a medical consumer's guide published by the Emergency Care Research Institute) did not rate the performance of the monitors in neonates and infants because it was “unclear whether a valid end-tidal CO2measurement could be obtained in these patients” [2]. Also in 1986, Swedlow [3] wrote that the anesthesiologist was unable to obtain good estimates of end-tidal CO2values in very small infants and that the capnogram could be used only as a “monitor of cardiopulmonary and anesthesia system integrity” in these patients. The difficulty in obtaining accurate capnography in small infants is perhaps the reason capnography has not become a standard of care. Fortunately, in the past five years, we have developed techniques that allow the accurate measurement of end-tidal CO2tension (Pco2) and volatile agents in even the smallest patients. This chapter reviews the recent advances in monitoring that have allowed accurate capnography and volatile agent measurement in the pediatric age group.

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0020-5907    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID