ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00115.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this article the 1988 national election campaigns of the Conservative Party, the Christian People's Party and the Social Democratic Party are analysed focusing upon: the impact of environmental factors – i.e. the constitutional setting, the party system and the media system; and the campaigns themselves – i.e. preparation and planning, control, strategy, financing and style. Findings indicate that the single most important factor for understanding national election campaigns in Denmark is that parties never know when a general election will be called. As a result, preparation and planning are virtually absent, TV is assessed as the most important channel of communication, the campaign is fairly centralized and controlled by the party leadership, the parties are dependent upon voluntary manpower and financial support, the use of ‘outside’ expertise is minimal, and the complex pattern of cooperation and conflict in Danish politics has a modifying impact on the amount of aggressiveness displayed in the campaign. All in all, similarities among the parties' campaigns are more pronounced than differences. It appears to make no difference whether the party is incumbent or in opposition, established or new, left‐wing or right‐wing, lar

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00116.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Electoral campaigning is studied almost without exception at the national level. This article has chosen another road, claiming that electoral campaigning can also be studied at the local election level. Campaigning before the Danish local elections of 21 November 1989 is studied. The design permits comparisons between the two levels (national/local) as well as between different units at the local level. It furthermore provides an opportunity for studying the influence of local party systems as well as local mass media on election campaigning. A substantial part of the article discusses the institutional frameworks surrounding electoral campaigning in the municipalities studied and in general. It is maintained that the electoral system, the mass media structure, and the (local) party system are important contextual factors or frameworks. Given this, it is argued that organization, past performance, and campaign focus as a mix of policy proposals and leader image are paramount in affecting the local election vote. The main conclusions are: local election campaigning differs from national election campaigning; local election campaigning matters, i.e. it has a direct effect on the vote; and the functions of local party organizations in connection with local elections and local performance make them less vulnerable to organizational decline, which most mass membership political parties are experiencing at the national level.

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00117.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study addresses the hypothesis concerning the ideological convergence of political parties in light of election campaigns in Finland. The basic expectation is that the parties have become more alike in terms of their orientationvis‐à‐visthe electorate and in their use of propaganda techniques. The empirical data consists of editorials in the leading newspapers of the four largest Finnish parties in connection with the parliamentary election campaigns of 1954, 1966, 1975 and 1987. The main hypothesis is clearly corroborated, as traditional elements such as class orientation have been replaced by references to the nation at large and to the political elite. A re‐ideologization could be noted in connection with the 1975 campaign, followed by a strong de‐ideologization in 1987. Despite the virtual disappearance of offensive propaganda techniques, recent campaigns were not found to be decisively less ‘propagandists’ than the

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00118.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A framework for descriptive analysis of election campaigns is suggested, emphasizing the parties' use of direct (personal) and indirect (media) channels for voter communication. The direct campaign channels had their heyday during the 1920s and 1930s. Since the 1940s radio and television have dominated the scene. However, the parties maintained control over opinion formation until the breakthrough of an assertive and independent political journalism at the end of the 1960s.

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00119.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

From 1945 to the end of the 1980 s, Norway's election campaigns have changed substantially. The mass media – particularly television – have grown in importance, partly structuring the election campaign. In this study the period in question is divided into three phases: (1) 1945–57, a phase characterized by a loyal party press and the breakthrough of radio; (2) 1961–69, a phase characterized by a loyal party press under pressure and the advent of television; (3) 1973–89, a phase characterized by the dissolution of the party press and the beginning of the television era. In the course of these decades, the media's coverage of election campaigns has been ‘liberated’ from the political parties. This move from party‐controlled to media‐driven election campaigns coincides with a more turbulent period among the voters, a period with a higher level of voter volatility. The changing role of the mass media has not led to dramatic shifts in activity, at least not as reflected by two indicators – voter turnout and level of informal discussion. Recent changes in thepatternof voting participation, however, may be associated with the role of the media. The gap between centre and periphery in voter turnout has gradually beenbridged, and television is probably one of thebridge‐builders.With television as the major arena for the election campaign, the stream of political impulses which serve as mobilizing forces has become more or less the same in both

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00120.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY