摘要:

A theory of public policy cannot be based solely on the theory of market failure. It also requires a theory of nonmarket (or government) failure, argues the American economist Charles Wolf, Jr. In an important article from 1979 Wolf presents the outlines of such a theory of nonmarket failure. The present article critically discusses Wolfs theory and tries to demonstrate that even his theory is not sufficiently adequate. One point made is that nonmarkets cannot be directly compared to markets since they do not represent one elemental decision process, as markets do. A nonmarket is a composite decision system. Another point that is advanced is that there are more decision systems than markets and nonmarkets, and that a complete theory of public policy must reflect this fact. Here two such additional systems are suggested: cultures and networks.

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1985.tb00317.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The administrative problems of the present Welfare State have come into focus in recent research. The basic question being raised is whether an elected government can control the bureaucracies that handle the social programmes, i.e., whether the intentions of the parliamentary majority really can be translated into action when they reach the point of administrative implementation. The central subject of this study is the legendary architect of the Swedish Welfare State, Gustav Möller, who was Minister of Social Affairs 1924‐26 and 1932‐51. It is argued that many of the problems highlighted in present theories of public administration were already apparent to Möller. As the minister responsible for the administrative construction of the Swedish Welfare State, he developed several strategies to cope with the problems of bureaucracy. Having lost the battle over the Social Democratic party leadership in 1946, Gustav Möller left the government in 1951. Subsequently many of his original anti‐bureaucratic administrative strategies were

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1985.tb00318.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Latent Variable Partial Least Squares analysis has been used to model the impact of political party organization on stable and changing patterns of party vote in Norway from 1945 to 1977. For the Norwegian Labor Party, the elaboration of a strategy of organizational encapsulation is at least as important as the economic base for maintaining the stability of the party's electoral support; it also depresses support for the opposition parties. Short‐run fluctuations around the long‐run stability, however, are more influence by economic changes than party organizational strategies, with the exception of the divisive 1973 election, when party organization was important for maintaining the party vote. For the non‐Labor parties, party organization is less important than economic vari

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1985.tb00319.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the period 1957‐81 women in Norway voted less frequently for the socialist parties than did men. In most recent years this pattern has changed so that women are now more likely than men to support the socialist bloc. This shift has been especially strong among the younger and the more educated women. In the younger age group the polarization by gender is also very striking; women have moved to the left and men to the right. While changing demographic patterns partially explain the gender gap in voting behaviour, differences in values must also be taken into account. The most consistent finding is that stronger religious feelings among women make them more likely to vote for the Christian People's party. Values that suggest a greater emphasis on human interactions, less emphasis on material goods, and a concern with peace, increase female support for the socialist partie

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1985.tb00320.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Setting their focus on the role of decision‐makers at intermediate and higher levels of a country's foreign policy administration, the authors analyze contextual factors that may determine the impact of decision‐makers' personal characteristics on foreign policy. The article highlights the dynamics of these factors in the case of Norwegian foreign policy‐making in the mid‐ and late 1970s. Over time, there has been a general relaxation of formal bureaucratic constraints, including the use of internally recruited political appointment, compounded by the growth of non‐traditional international public affairs. The Foreign Minister's leadership style appears to have served as a catalyst to create an environment in which middle‐to‐upper level administrative leaders and political appointees have had greater opportunity than previously to garner influence and

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1985.tb00321.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1985.tb00322.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1985.tb00323.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY