摘要:

In this paper one of the classical questions in the study of politics will be pursued, viz., whether foreign policy decisions are made in a less democratic manner than policies pertaining to the domestic sphere of fully industrialized and democratic states; and if so, how to account for such a condition. These two queries will be examined in terms of three topics, each of which is explored in a preliminary fashion: (a) the characteristic dimensions of the democratic process; (b) the problems of policy comparability across sectorial boundaries; and (c) possible explanatory hypotheses regarding sectorial variances in the democratic process.

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1981.tb00416.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

At first sight, Danish survey data seem to support Philip Converse's theory on (the absence of) coherent belief systems in mass publics. An alternative model is presented, however, accounting for the same data; the existence, within a larger population, of “belief publics’ holding differently structured belief systems, may distort measurement of belief coherence. The data support this model; different belief structures do exist. Finally, there is no sign of ‘elites' with more coherent belief systems within the sample, although such elites should exist according to Converse's theory. Therefore, the model of ‘belief publics' is regarded as the more plausible explanation for the apparent absence of patterned beliefs. The article is primarily concerned with methodological aspects of belief systems analysis, and warns against taking national correlations of opinions at face value; especially the possible existence of ‘split correlations' may seriously distort measurement of, and theorizing on, belie

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1981.tb00417.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Incrementalism as a decision theory about budget‐making is empirically evaluated by post‐war data within the framework of budget‐making processes of some Swedish public authorities. The analysis focuses on the relevance of a structural stability hypothesis using models for the processes of budget requests and appropriations. This hypothesis is tested by CUSUM and CUSUMQ tests. The more powerful CUSUMQ test clearly indicates a rejection of the stability assumption, which implies a need for revised models based on variability assumptions. These alternative models describing budget‐making processes are estimated by Kalman filtering, an estimation approach designed to allow for structural variability. The paper shows that the key decision principles of incrementalism are too crude for the understanding of budget de

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1981.tb00418.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Finnish public health care planning is a multi‐level five year planning system which is heavily bureaucratized. The planning process is formalized and is supposed to work according to fixed time‐tables. Here the system is seen to display a conflict between technical planning assumptions and the political and pluralistic setting of the system. This conflict is seen to generate bureaucratic inertia. Empirical evidence indicates that the system does not work according to the a priori set schedules and it is doubtful whether it will keep up to schedule even after the reforms that have been m

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1981.tb00419.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1981.tb00420.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY