摘要:

Clinicians currently rely almost exclusively on the patient's verbal report for assessing pain. Systematic measures of nonverbal behaviors related to pain could serve as useful adjuncts to verbal behavior in evaluating pain in clinical settings, and might be especially important for patients with communication deficits. A facial expression prototype for pain has been identified which differs from expressions of the negative emotions. This expression accompanies non‐facial pain in infants and adults, and also occurs with naturally‐arising and experimentally‐induced dental pain in young and middle‐aged adults. The facial expressions accompanying pain in the elderly may be the same as those occurring in younger adults or may vary because of neuromuscular or psychosocial differences between these groups. Adaptation of direct facial measurement systems for study of the facial expressions of the elderly is an essential step if research in this area is to p

ISSN:0734-0664    

DOI:10.1111/j.1741-2358.1984.tb00357.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY