摘要:

Although a substantial body of research has demonstrated an association between reading and eye movements, this association has not been examined in kindergartners. Therefore, the relation between psychometric eye movement scores and reading skill was studied in a masked investigation with 181 kindergartners and first graders (mean age 6.25 years) from a middle class, suburban, elementary school near Cleveland, Ohio. Eye movements were evaluated with the New York State Optometric Association King-Devick (NYSOA K-D; Bernell Corporation, South Bend, IN) and the Developmental Eye Movement tests (DEM; Bernell Corporation, South Bend, IN). Digit knowledge was assessed with Reversals Frequency Test Execution subtest (Gardner). Reading performance was measured with Metropolitan Achievement Test 6 (MAT6) Reading Test and teachers' assessments. The number of unknown or reversed numbers on Gardner was significantly related to test times on the NYSOA K-D and DEM, but not the DEM ratio. Outcome on NYSOA K-D, determined by errors in conjunction with test time, was significantly related to reading ability in 5-year-olds (p=0.0129), 6-year-olds (p=0.0167), and the entire subject group when controlling for age (p=0.0008). Our findings suggest that: (1) DEM factors out automaticity of number knowledge; (2) the NYSOA K-D can be completed by kindergartners; (3) the DEM is too difficult for many kindergarteners; and (4) performance on the NYSOA K-D is related to reading performance in 5- and 6-year-olds in kindergarten.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Purpose. Previous studies have measured objective fixation disparity using a monocular occlusion method, by which the monocular components of misalignment are revealed by measuring the shift in the position of the fixating eye after occlusion of the other eye. Methods. We assessed the use of the monocular occlusion method by comparing it to direct measurements of binocular vergence. Results. The direct method required precise calibration, but was found to be reliable. Several problems were discovered with the monocular occlusion method: (1) when using a central fusion stimulus, fixation was difficult to control accurately enough to measure the small monocular shifts in eye position expected at lower vergence demands; (2) with a peripheral fusion target, objective fixation disparity could not be measured directly; and (3) upon occlusion, a variable saccade occurred in the fixating eye. Conclusion. Objective measurement of fixation disparity with the direct method is quicker and more reliable than with the monocular occlusion method.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We compared the performance of a new noncontact tonometer (NCT), Nidek NT-2000, with the Keeler Pulsair 2000 and the Goldmann applanation tonometer (AT). Twenty-two subjects with intraocular pressure (IOP) ranging from 10 to 21 mmHg were recruited and their IOP measured using each technique on 2 different days. The NT-2000 produces repeatable IOP readings and is comparable to the Goldmann AT. There is a significant betweenvisits difference in IOP when using the Pulsair 2000. The reproducibility of IOP measurements made with the Pulsair 2000 is relatively poor when compared to the Goldmann AT and the NT-2000. IOP measurements made with the Goldmann AT show good repeatability and reproducibility when the mean of three IOP readings are used. When a single Goldmann reading is used variability is increased. There is no significant difference in the IOP readings made on the first visit between techniques.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background. The conventional vertometer (lensometer) is difficult to use for accurate measurement of contact lenses whose back vertex power (BVP) varies across the optic zone. BVPs of multifocal rigid and soft contact lenses have previously been measured using a conventional vertometer incorporating the Scheiner principle, which makes use of two light paths equidistant from the center of the lens. Methods. We have developed a computer-based vertometer system based on the Scheiner principle which can be used to produce a profile of BVPs across rigid and soft contact lenses. A computer interface to the vertometer allows rapid acquisition of readings and software-based ray tracing derives in-air dioptric power readings across the optic zone at specific ray heights. Results. Results are presented for soft and rigid, and spherical and aspheric surface contact lenses. Conclusions. The system improves the measurement resolution of a standard vertometer and shows an acceptable level of precision and accuracy for most applications.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID