摘要:

The concept and definition of dyslexia have been evolving for more than a century. Although it is certain that dyslexia is not a unitary syndrome, a comprehensive, testable definition has eluded us. Its characteristics have been differentially related to age; maturation of the brain and nervous system; auditory, visual, and intersensory processing; genetics; nutrition; and the environment. That we are dealing with an interdisciplinary disorder is beyond question. Optometrists do not treat dyslexia. They treat reading-disabled (RD) children who manifest some type of visual dysfunction that impairs their ability to respond to the specific instruction intended to remedy the disability. The papers in this Symposium are intended to provide a more precise understanding of the role of optometrists and other members of the interdisciplinary team in the management of dyslexic children.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The prevalence of dyslexia among 100 children participating in a longitudinal study was examined. At age 10 years, The Dyslexia Screener (TDS) test, a direct assessment of coding skills used in reading and spelling, was administered. The incidence of suspected dyslexia of borderline or worse severity among boys and girls was not significantly different, nor did males and females differ significantly in terms of TDS-suspected dyslexic types of severity levels. Results challenge the widely held belief of an increased incidence of reading disability among males and, in conjunction with findings from other recent studies, underscore the need for establishing objective and reliable screening procedures in addition to teacher referral in identifying children in need of special services. Possible factors mediating previous estimates of incidence and the implications of these findings are discussed.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Individual and environmental factors or characteristics influence disabled learners, particularly in reference to language disorders. An interaction of various fields is needed to minimize the impact of learning disabilities on a child's education and subsequent ability to communicate successfully. Various components of communication are affected by the inability to decode and encode language. Language areas most greatly influenced by learning disabilities are discussed.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A model for the identification/diagnosis and management of reading dysfunction for the primary care optometrist is presented. The model is based upon clinical experiences in both private and academic practice and an extensive review of the literature. The model, illustrated in a series of flow charts and a table, incorporates the major perceptual dysfunctions typically en-countered by patients who present with reading problems. The first part of the model, labeled fundamental, demonstrates the minimum diagnostic and management techniques for those children who appear to have reading dysfunction. The second part of the model, labeled complex, provides a more extensive diagnostic and management approach. The validity of the approach is further illustrated in a series of 13 arbitrarily selected cases of reading dysfunction which are statistically analyzed. Robust correlations are found among different tests of visual-motor skills (Bender, Test of Visual Analysis Skills), a test of short-term memory (Getman-Henderson-Marcus Test of Visual Recall), and reading decoding. Modest correlation is also found between a test of auditory perception, The Test of Auditory Analysis Skills (TAAS) and reading decoding. Direct testing for dyslexia using the Dyslexia Determination Test illustrates that not all those with reading dysfunction are dyslexic.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Several reviews of the literature have shown a relation between vision anomalies and reading problems. The studies have been correlational - comparative in nature and thus have not established causal relations. This paper suggests that before experimental studies are conducted to establish causation, studies of the process by which vision anomalies produce reading interference need to be conducted. The paper discusses the factors to consider in studying vision and reading interference. The factors are: nature of the vision anomaly, type and severity of symptoms produced, type of reading interference (perceptual or functional deficiency), amount and type of near task demands, reading skill, and reading development stage.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The simultaneous and sequential cognitive processing model is useful in explaining the information processing strategies used by individuals for academic and other purposes. Simultaneous processing refers to handling of information in a holistic fashion with a strong visuospatial bias. Sequential or successive processing involves information handled in a linear, serial fashion with a strong temporal bias. There is no hierarchy of the cognitive processing systems. In this study it was found that sequential processing correlates with saccadic fixation and simultaneous processing correlates with self-generated ocular pursuits.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Clinical observation indicates that visual asthenopic symptoms are frequently associated with reading for long periods of time. We investigated the relation between visual symptoms and standard measures of reading performance in 78 university students. The number of asthenopic complaints increased during the reading phase of the experiment and decreased during the relaxation phase. Overall, a weak but significant negative correlation was found between number of symptoms and reading rate on the Nelson-Denny reading test. The most symptomatic subjects scored lower on vocabulary and comprehension than the least asthenopic subjects. A limited retrospective analysis revealed no reading performance differences between subjects having normal binocular vision and those showing a minimum binocular dysfunction; however, the dysfunctional subjects reported more visual symptoms. This study suggests that visual symptoms are a factor in reducing reading performance, particularly in very symptomatic individuals.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A double-masked, randomized study in four parts was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying certain soft contact lens design parameters on clinical performance. The effects of varying back optic zone radius (BOZR) (8.20 to 9.00 mm), back surface design (monocurve, bicurve, aspheric), edge thickness (0.12 to 0.24 mm), and back vertex power (+1.00 to −6.00 D) were investigated using test lenses manufactured in a high water content material. In each part of the study, between 20 and 35 volunteer subjects wore a range of lenses which were assessed after >30 min settling periods. Postblink movement and lens “tightness” as assessed by the push-up test were unaffected by the variation in BOZR. Lenses of flatter BOZR centered lower and more temporally than steeper lenses. Lenses of similar back surface sagittal depth, but differing in terms of back surface design, did not center the same; the monocurve lenses decentered more than bicurve or aspheric lenses. Edge thickness had no significant effect on comfort or lens fit. Plus power lenses resulted in more postblink movement than minus lenses of similar power. The results are discussed in relation to the design and fitting of soft contact lenses.

ISSN:1040-5488    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID