摘要:

A major need for interdisciplinary IPM specialists has been access to methods for understanding the combined effects of multiple pests which, in nature, act simultaneously. Development of the Soybean Integrated Crop Management (SICM) model has potential for offering such a method. The physiologically‐based, validated soybean plant growth model at the core of SICM has provided a framework for coupling effects of multiple stresses at a process level. Combined stress effects from water and three insect species are presented in real economic context relative to soybean growers. The framework is now in place for adding stresses from weeds, foliar pathogens and nematodes. This approach offers insights into the experimental designs, analyses and potential uses of integrated pest management strategies developed by interdisciplinary scientists; yet, major problems exist in acquisition of model validation data. Conceptual and experimental dilemmas associated with these type efforts are outlined herein.

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371128

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An established banana field was treated by applying three compounds, fenamiphos, isazofos and carbofuran, to the soil around each mat. The tested compounds were found to reduce significantly soil and root nematode populations. The production cycle of the nematocide treatments was 24 days faster than that of the untreated control. Application of the above chemicals enhanced to the total production of banana. Carbofuran may be ranked top of these nematocides, followed by isazofos. Application of 2 g a.i. of carbofuran three times at intervals of 4 months, yielded 2.66 tonnes per acre more than that of the control.

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371129

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Experiments on the effect of 0–3 summer ploughings on the incidence of root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)infecting tomato under naturally‐infested field conditions, revealed that use of three summer ploughings during the month of June (average atmospheric temperature ranging from 40° to 46°C) in Hisar (India) led to a 96.5% reduction inM. javanicapopulations. Clean fallowing alone (no ploughing) showed a 44.5% reduction inM. javanicapopulations. Further, transplanting of healthy (uninfected) tomato seedlings gave a significantly higher yield, irrespective of number of ploughings, than the transplanting of root‐knot nematode infected nursery seedlings. There was a 55.1% increase in tomato yield with the treatment combina‐. tion involving three ploughings + uninfected tomato nursery seedlings, over three ploughings + infected nursery seedlings. Final root‐knot index was also minimum and significantly less in plots receiving three ploughings.

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371130

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371131

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Many species of nematodes were reported in association with rice culture in India. The potential of a few stylet‐bearing plant parasitic nematodes as pests of rice has been investigated. Among those affecting the foliage, the white‐tip nematodeAphelenchoides besseyiis widely prevalent but severe in Southern and Eastern States causing yield losses of up to 20%. The stem or ufra nematodeDitylenchus angustusis restricted to the Northeastern States, Assam and West Bengal, inflicting losses of up to 30% Among the root infesting forms, the rice root nematodes,Hirschmanniellaspp., prevail throughout the country in varying densities but the damage depends upon the density of the nematode populations in relation to the stage of the crop growth. These pests are endemic in multicropped rice areas and can cause 40% losses. The root‐lesion nematode,Pratylenchus indicusand lance nematode,Hoplolaimus indicusare common in uplands and in areas where other cereals are grown in rice based cropping system, causing losses up to 28% and 18% respectively in rice. Of special importance among the soil borne nematodes are the root‐knot nematode,Meloidogyne graminicolaand cyst nematode,Heterodera oryzicolawhich can cause up to 21% and 38% yield losses respectively in rainfed or well drained soils throughout the country. The distribution, endemic areas and symptoms of damage and problems in rice due to these and other parasitic nematodes of rice are discussed.

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371132

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Bare‐root dip of brinjal seedlings with BPMC, carbosulfan, chlorpyriphos, dimethoate and phosphamidon at 500 and 1000 ppm for 30 min exposure significantly increased plant growth and reduced host infestation as well as multiplication ofMeloidogyne incognita.Root dipping in carbosulfan and phosphamidon at 1000 ppm level gave good protection against M. incognita and was found to be the best treatment. The efficacy of different chemicals in controlling the nematode was in the order of carbosulfan, phosphamidon, chlorpyriphos, BPMC and dimethoate.

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371133

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An experiment was carried out over two years to determine if the maize plant suffers most damage when attacked by larvae ofC. partellusat the time of bud initiation. Three varieties of early, medium and late maturity groups were taken. The average period taken by three varieties to develop a detectable bud ranged from 17 to 20 days. Irrespective of other characters, it was found that all three varieties suffered maximum yield losses when infested 5 days before bud initiation. The duration of crop maturity did not have any significant bearing on the yield losses with respect to time of infestation.

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371134

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Microtermes najdensisis widely distributed throughout irrigated cropping areas of the Tihama region in Yemen Arab Republic. It is subterranean and damages young and mature plants by penetrating the root system and ultimately the stem, causing wilting and death. Surveys showed that plant‐mortality without termite control ranged from 2–63% (average 20–30%) in cotton and maize. Pepper, okra and tomato were attacked less severely (average mortality of 10–20%). Tobacco, sorghum, millet and most vegetables suffered little damage (less than 2% stand loss) whereas experimental crops such as groundnuts, wheat and sesame suffered severe losses. Insecticides were evaluated as pre‐sowing soil treatments in cotton in two trials, one near Hudaydah and one near Zabid. At Hudaydah,Microtermesforaging began late in the season and there was little damage; plant mortality in untreated plots was 8.1–9.3%. At Zabid, foraging began earlier and mortality in untreated plots was 39.7–48.5%. Aldrin and chlordane at 1.0–2.0 kg/ha gave significant control with mortality at 0.0–0.5%, in all trials. There were no significant differences in yields at Gumeisha, but at Zabid untreated plots yielded 3200–3500 kg/ha, significantly less than 3700–4500 kg/ha on aldrin and chlordane treated plots. Lindane, HCH, diazinon, phoxim, chlorfenvinphos, isofenphos (except at 7.5 kg/ha) and chlorpyrifos were significantly less effective than aldrin and chlordane in preventing mortality, even at high dose rates (e.g. 18.2–28.2% mortality at Zabid with chlorpyrifos at 14.4 kg/ha). Wood baits placed on the surface between cotton plants at Hudaydah were effectively protected at peak foraging times in the aldrin and chlordane treatments; 0–5% of baits were attacked compared with 25–26% in untreated controls and 19–25% in lindane and HCH. Diazinon (13–27%), phoxim (41%), chlorfenvinphos (55%), isofenphos (17–21%) and chlorpyrifos (21–22%) gave less effective protection than aldrin (0%). Attack on baits at Zabid in chlorpyrifos plots (31–35%) was similar to that on untreated plots (34%).

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371135

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

New tsetse trap designs, based on the Zimbabwe F3 trap, were compared to the biconical trap. When baited with acetone and cow urine, the most successful of these, the NG2B, was on average three times as effective for femaleGlossina pallidipes(Austen) as a similarly baited biconical trap. The index of increase was shown to be dependent upon temperature, and the implications of this are discussed. Less material is required than for the biconical or F3, and construction is considerably easier. Constructional details of the traps are given using locally available materials. The next step is to test the trap as a component of an appropriate technology for community‐participation control of G.pallidipes.

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371136

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The objective of the work described in this paper was to investigate the spatial distribution ofDiatraeaspp., the larvae of which are important pests of sugar cane in the Caribbean region. In order to do this, we reanalyzed data from a survey carried out in Trinidad, West Indies, during 1949. At the time of the survey,Diatraeawas not a serious pest of sugar cane in Trinidad, but it has subsequently become one. Our analysis shows thatDiatraeatends to have an aggregated distribution. We discuss this finding in the context of attempts to controlDiatraeaby the introduction of natural enemy species.

ISSN:0143-6147    

DOI:10.1080/09670878709371137

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor