ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(93)90139-8

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTResearch into the biology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the immunopathogenesis of HIV disease, is proceeding rapidly. New therapies are being developed based on this new knowledge. Meanwhile, the proportion of women in the United States with AIDS is rising, and heterosexual spread is the fastest rising mode of transmission. Overall survival with HIV and AIDS appears to be similar in women and men receiving similar treatment. However, the results of several population‐based studies indicate that women are less likely to have received antiretroviral therapy than have men. Gynecologic complications of HIV, including recurrent and refractory vaginal candidiasis and an increased frequency of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma, have only recently been recognized. There are still little data on the effect of pregnancy on the course of HIV disease in women. The implications of current knowledge for prevention and treatment of HIV in women are discusse

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(93)90140-C

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPrimary care for women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is appropriately provided by nurse‐midwives within a well‐coordinated system of medical consultation and referral. The issues of access to care, partner notification, reproductive choice, and breast‐feeding are discussed. The nature of the collaborative management of HIV in pregnancy is explained. Management issues include the effects of HIV infection and pregnancy upon each other, perinatal transmission risks and postpartum needs, family planning, and gynecologic needs. Clinical care guidelines are inc

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(93)90141-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNurse‐midwives at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, in conjunction with their colleagues in obstetrics, pediatrics, and infectious disease, are participating in a demonstration project designed to provide continuity of care for women with HIV disease in pregnancy. In the past 19 months, 73 women have been enrolled in the project. This article describes how the midwifery model of care has been integrated into the existing system of routine obstetric care and specialized HIV‐related care at the institution. This project could serve as a model for others who are redesigning health care delivery systems to include more nurse‐midwives, especially those who are trying to adapt to an ever‐increasing number of women experiencing some phase of HIV disease during their pregnancy. A companion article explains the midwifery and medical protocols used in the project and discusses other clinically relevant

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(93)90142-4

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe utilization of health care by HIV‐seropositive pregnant women and their infants was studied in an indigent urban population. Ninety HIV‐seropositive women delivered 99 HIV‐exposed infants at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from August 1, 1988, to April 1, 1991. Repeat pregnancies occurred in 17 (18.9%) women during the study period. Completion of the primary immunization series by age nine months was the criteria for infant adherence to medical care. Of all infants, 72.9% achieved adequate immunization status by nine months. However, only 41 (45.6%) women reported ever seeking HIV‐related health care. Factors associated with maternal adherence with HIV‐related health care included HIV status of her infant, maternal drug use, and incarceration. Number of living children, maternal age, educational level, marital status, and repeat pregnancy were not associated with mothers seeking HIV‐related health care. Despite low adherence to HIV‐related health care in this sample of HIV‐seropositive women, the majority of their infants did receive adequate immunizations, one proxy measure of adequate inf

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(93)90143-5

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFetal sex preferences of pregnant women are based on psychological, physiologic, economic, and sociologic factors. Parental responses to the knowledge of fetal/infant sex range from feticide to preferential treatment of the preferred‐sexed child. This study describes the sex preferences, sex beliefs, attempted sex preselection techniques, and desire to know the fetal sex of 243 second‐trimester gravidas. Data demonstrated a willingness to disclose sex preferences, with 81% declaring a preference. The majority of women (81%) also wished to know the sex of their child prior to delivery regardless of their acknowledgment of a sex preference. The results of this survey offer implications for research on the phenomena relating to sex prefere

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(93)90144-6

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe organization of maternity services in Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands was studied under the sponsorship of the World Health Organization European Headquarters Office of Maternal and Child Health. Midwifery care is highly respected and is a central feature of obstetric care in each of these countries. In Denmark and Sweden, almost all births are in the hospital, and autonomous midwives are employed by national health services. About three‐quarters of Dutch midwives are in independent practice, and 34% of Dutch women give birth at home. In each country midwives provide “the first line” of care for normal pregnant women and are viewed as essential to the excellent perinatal outcomes these three countries

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(93)90145-7

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe concepts of validity and reliability are defined within the context of applied clinical research. Validity concerns what an instrument measures and how well it does so. Reliability concerns the faith that one can have in the data obtained from use of an instrument, that is, the degree to which any measuring tool controls for random error. The researcher selects a measure that demonstrates content, criterion, or construct validity, according to the intended use of the measurement tool. Similarly, the researcher selects a measure that demonstrates a degree of reliability that is needed for its application. It is possible to have reliability without validity, but it is logically impossible to demonstrate that an unreliable test is valid.

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(93)90146-8

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(93)90147-9

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY