摘要:

AbstractThe use of synthetic, biodegradable lubricants for two‐stroke engines has become widespread due to increased concern over the build‐up of hydrocarbons, derived from mineral oil‐based lubricants, in the aquatic environment. A method for assessing the biodegradation potential of new lubricants was developed by the Co‐ordinating European Council (CEC) for the Development of Performance Tests for Lubricants and Engine Fuels in 1982. However, this method deals only with the aquatic environment. The use of such lubricants in agricultural machinery led to a modification of the CEC method to assess the relative biodegradability of lubricants in soil. After incubation of oil‐treated soil in a simple and inexpensive incubation assembly, samples were extracted with solvent and the level of lubricant determined by infrared spectroscopy. The method was found to be both accurate and reproducible, giving excellent recoveries. It compared favourably with a gravimetric method and was so sensitive that it gave appreciable blank values from untreated soils owing to their content of long chain aliphatic natural products. The incubation and extraction methods were used successfully to assess the biodegradability of a range of synthetic lubricants in soil in comparison to a mineral oil‐based lubricant and a natural vegetable oil. The synthetic oils were found to degrade more rapidly and extensively than the mineral oil‐based lubricant but not as rapidly or extensively as the vegetable oil. Amendment with nitrate considerably enhanced the loss of all the oil tested, indicating the importance of nitrogen availability when assessing the inherent biodegradability of hydrocarbons in soil. As the data generated is from laboratory‐based studies the results do not necessarily translate directly to the field situation. However, the method is suitable for screening new materials and for compa

ISSN:0265-6582    

DOI:10.1002/jsl.3000110202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNatural and synthetic lubricants specially formulated for cold rolling of aluminium were evaluated in terms of their ability to lower mill loads. The use of additives was also studied. Roll separating forces and roll torques were monitored. No significant differences between natural and synthetic oils were observed. The ability to maintain lubricant action was found to be lowest when synthetic esters were present, either in the base oil or as an additive.

ISSN:0265-6582    

DOI:10.1002/jsl.3000110203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTribological characteristics of three PFPEs (Fomblin Z, Demnum, and Krytox) were studied under high vacuum using a four‐ball apparatus with 440C steel specimens. Fomblin Z and Demnum exhibited initial scuffing‐like high friction whereas Krytox did not. Steady state friction with Fomblin Z was the lowest among the three oils and that with Demnum and Krytox was almost the same. The lowest wear rates in air were provided by Krytox regardless of load and low wear rates in vacuum at high load were achieved with Krytox and Demnum. Results are explained by reactivity and pressure‐viscosity characteristics of the

ISSN:0265-6582    

DOI:10.1002/jsl.3000110204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNeutral phosphate esters are used as fire‐resistant basestocks in several applications including hydraulic systems, turbines, and compressors. They are also used as grease basestocks, and in hydrocarbon‐based lubricants and synthetic fluids as antiwear additives.Development aspects of a new synthetic triaryl phosphate ester is presented in this paper. This product provides superior hydrolytic stability and lower volatility than existing commercial phosphate esters. Additionally, it has excellent oxidative stability and is fire resistant. The performance characteristics of the fluid suggest use of this phosphate ester as a high stability antiwear additive or lubricant basestock, and in any application where stability is of primary importa

ISSN:0265-6582    

DOI:10.1002/jsl.3000110205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0265-6582    

DOI:10.1002/jsl.3000110206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0265-6582    

DOI:10.1002/jsl.3000110207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0265-6582    

DOI:10.1002/jsl.3000110208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0265-6582    

DOI:10.1002/jsl.3000110209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0265-6582    

DOI:10.1002/jsl.3000110201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY