摘要:

Although parity is associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer in the general population, this association among women with a family history is less clear. We examined this question in a prospective cohort of 31,377 Iowa women 55–69 years of age at baseline. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated through Cox regression. We identified 181 incident epithelial ovarian cancers through 13 years of follow-up. At baseline, 14% of the women reported breast or ovarian cancer in a first-degree relative, and an additional 12% reported a family history in a second-degree relative. Among women without a family history of breast or ovarian cancer in a first-degree relative, nulliparous women were at slightly increased risk of ovarian cancer (RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.9–2.4) compared with parous women, whereas among women with a family history, nulliparous women were at a much higher risk (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1–6.6) than parous women. Similar results were seen when family history included first- or second-degree relatives with breast or ovarian cancer or a first- or second-degree relative with ovarian cancer only. Nulliparity may be more strongly associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer among women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, compared with women who do not have a family history of those cancers.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We conducted a meta-analysis of the association between prostate cancer and aspects of sexual activity. The data suggest an elevated relative risk (RR) of prostate cancer among men with a history of sexually transmitted infections. This was observed with both random- and fixed-effects models (RR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.2–1.7; N = 17 studies; heterogeneityP= 0.14), especially for syphilis (RR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.3–3.9; N = 6; heterogeneityP= 0.47). Risk of prostate cancer is also associated with increasing frequency of sexual activity (RR = 1.2 for an increase of three times per week; 95% CI = 1.1–1.3; N = 12). However, these studies are heterogeneous (P< 0.001). Increasing number of sexual partners is also associated with prostate cancer (RR = 1.2 for an increase of 20 partners; 95% CI = 1.1–1.3; N = 16; heterogeneityP= 0.11). The data do not support associations with multiple marriages, age at first intercourse, or age at first marriage. These results indicate an association between prostate cancer and sexually transmitted infections, suggesting that infections may represent one mechanism through which prostate cancer develops. The mechanism through which frequency of sexual activity may be related to prostate cancer is unclear.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Work-related injuries among veterinarians are a major problem, but little is known of the specific risk factors involved. The purpose of this nested case-control study, conducted from a comprehensive population-based study of practicing Minnesota veterinarians, was to identify risk factors for job-related injuries. We questioned cases (N = 193) on exposures occurring in the month before their injury, and we questioned controls (N = 495) on exposures occurring in a randomly selected month. We used logistic regression to model the dependence of veterinary work-related injury on each exposure of interest and associated confounders. We observed increased rates for prior injuries (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.6), participation in sports (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.05–2.6), no sharps boxes present (RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.01–3.2), current smoking (RR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1.8–9.1), and 6 or fewer hours of sleep (RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0–3.3). We identified a dose response for lifting patients, as follows: lifting 41–75 lb (RR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.6–5.9), lifting 76–100 lb (RR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.6–5.9), and lifting more than 100 lb (RR = 6.1, 95% CI = 2.5–15.0). Decreased rates were observed for participation in aerobic activities (RR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–0.99), perception of lower risk (RR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2–0.9), and experience (RR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–0.9).

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Although the association between particulate matter and mortality or morbidity is generally accepted, controversy remains about the importance of the association. If it is due solely to the deaths of frail individuals, which are brought forward by only a brief period of time, the public health implications of the association are fewer than if there is an increase in the number of deaths. Recently, other research has addressed the mortality displacement issue in single-city analysis. We analyzed this issue with a distributed lag model in a multicity hierarchic modeling approach, within the Air Pollution and Health: A European Approach (APHEA-2) study. We fit a Poisson regression model and a polynomial distributed lag model with up to 40 days of delay in each city. In the second stage we combined the city-specific results. We found that the overall effect of particulate matter less than 10 &mgr;M in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) per 10 &mgr;g/m3for the fourth-degree distributed lag model is a 1.61% increase in daily deaths (95% CI = 1.02–2.20), whereas the mean of PM10on the same day and the previous day is associated with only a 0.70% increase in deaths (95% CI = 0.43–0.97). This result is unchanged using an unconstrained distributed lag model. Our study confirms that the effects observed in daily time-series studies are not due primarily to short-term mortality displacement. The effect size estimate for airborne particles more than doubles when we consider longer-term effects, which has important implications for risk assessment.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Repeat interviews from 4,088 Iowa pesticide applicators participating in the Agricultural Health Study provided the opportunity to evaluate the reliability of self-reported information on pesticide use and various demographic and life-style factors. Self-completed questionnaires were administered 1 year apart when participants returned to county agricultural extension offices for pesticide certification or training. Percentage agreement for ever-/never-use of specific pesticides and application practices was quite high, generally ranging from 70% to more than 90%, and did not vary by age, educational level, or farm size. Agreement was lower (typically 50–60%) for duration, frequency, or decade of first use of specific pesticides. Level of agreement regarding pesticide use in this population is similar to that generally found for factors typically used in epidemiologic studies such as tobacco use and higher than typically reported for diet, physical activity, and medical conditions.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In the case-crossover design, only cases are sampled, and effect estimates are based on within-subject comparisons of exposures at failure times with exposures at control times. Sampling control times appropriately can provide some control for unmeasured confounding, but may introduce bias owing to time trends in the exposure of interest. The theory of risk set sampling (Borgan Ø, Goldstein L, Langholz B. Ann Stat 1995;23:1749–1778) can be used to develop effect estimates in these situations that are free from bias caused by time trends. Through simulation, we compared four sampling schemes: the full-stratum bidirectional design, a matched pair design, the symmetric bidirectional design of Bateson and Schwartz (Bateson T, Schwartz J. Epidemiology 1999;10:539–544), and the semi-symmetric bidirectional design. We also studied a quasi-likelihood extension of Poisson regression with overdispersion. We used daily mean particulate matter less than 10 &mgr;m in aerodynamic diameter levels in Denver as the exposure of interest, simulated confounding with linear and seasonal trends, and simulated mortality counts using a log relative risk of 1.1. Neither the matched pair, the full-stratum design, or Poisson regression with overdispersion provided control for seasonal confounding. The symmetric bidirectional design controlled for seasonal confounding but exhibited bias from time trends in exposure. The semi-symmetric bidirectional design provided control of seasonal confounding equal to that of the symmetric bidirectional design, without any time-trend bias.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Several reports indicate that suicide follows a seasonal pattern with a dominant peak during the month of maximum daylight. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that sunshine exposure may trigger suicidal behavior. We found a remarkably consistent pattern of seasonality with peak incidence around June in the northern hemisphere and December in the southern hemisphere. Moreover, there was a positive association between the seasonal amplitude of suicide (measured by relative risk) and total sunshine in the corresponding country. These findings indicate that sunshine may have a triggering effect on suicide, and suggests further research in the field of sunshine-regulated hormones, particularly melatonin.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID