摘要:

Early childhood nutrition may affect the subsequent risk of breast cancer in adulthood. We examined the association of having been breastfed with risk of breast cancer in a case-control study of women age 40–85 years in western New York. Cases (N = 528) had newly diagnosed primary, pathologically confirmed breast cancer; controls (N = 602) were randomly selected from the same community and were frequency matched on age. Having been breastfed was associated with decreased risk. The multivariate adjusted odds ratio was 0.74, and the 95% confidence interval was 0.56–0.99. We found little difference in the association for pre- and post-menopausal women despite a much higher frequency of breastfeeding among the older women. These findings indicate that early nutriture in general and bottle feeding in particular may relate to breast cancer development in adult-hood.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We examined the negative relation between temperature and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in 22 communities in seven countries. We estimated the percentage increase in SIDS rate for a 1°C drop in climatic temperature. The relation differed substantially among communities. In New Zealand and Australia (10 communities), the association was consistently strong; in Europe (seven communities), it varied from strong to weak; and in the USA (five communities), it was moderate or weak. We postulate that low climatic temperature indirectly increases the incidence of SIDS, particularly in countries where outdoor climatic temperature modifies the indoor temperature and clothing habits.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To study the association between handedness and mortality, we evaluated the experience of a Swedish population-based cohort comprising 48,964 conscripts age 18–21 years in 1969–1970. We linked this cohort to the Cause-of-Death Register through 1989. Hand preference was measured by a simple question regarding handedness; to confirm the answer, the conscript held a dummy rifle while an observer recorded whether he was a left- or right-hand shooter. A total of 954 deaths occurred in the cohort, of which 82 were among left-handers, corresponding to a relative risk estimate of 1.0 (95% confidence interval = 0.8–1.3) for left-handers compared with right-handers. The relative risk estimate of death by motor vehicle accidents was 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 0.8–2.0). The data in this study refute previous reports indicating an increased overall mortality. The results regarding motor vehicle death indicate a slightly increased relative risk associated with left-handedness.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The evidence for the association between threatened abortion and birth defects is limited and inconsistent. This study examined this relation using data from the Shanghai Birth Defects Monitoring Program. A total of 1,013 cases of birth defects and an equal number of controls were analyzed. Our study showed that women with threatened abortion had a 50% higher risk of having a baby with birth defects compared with those without this complication, controlling for other factors (adjusted odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1–2.1). Threatened abortion was generally related to defects of the urogenital system, heart and circulatory system, and musculoskeleton and limbs and was specifically associated with polydactyly, undescended testicle, and hypospadias.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We examined the associations between chronic hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and low birthweight in a retrospective cohort study using Washington birth certificate data. The adjusted prevalence ratio for low birth-weight associated with chronic hypertension was 3.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.4–4.4]. The prevalence ratio for pregnancy-induced hypertension associated with chronic hypertension ranged from 3.6 (95% CI = 3.2–4.1) for primiparous women to 10.7 (95% CI = 8.7–13.2) for multiparous women. The association of chronic hypertension and low birthweight could not be explained by the increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension in these women.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We conducted a population-based intervention trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a program to prevent home injuries in children. We recruited a population of 1,015 young parent couples. Among those couples, we measured attitudes toward prevention of home injuries to children before and after the intervention. The intervention had limited effectiveness, which was somewhat greater among white-collar families and families with a higher paternal educational level. We found an association between the occurrence of injuries and educational level of the fathers (odds ratio = 1.7 and 1.9 for 6–12 years and <6 years of school completed, respectively, vs ≥13 years).

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We assessed the association between weight, exercise, and stress and the duration of menstrual bleeding in a 1-year prospective menstrual diary study of 166 college first-year women, age 17–19 years. Low weight-for-height increased expected bleed duration by 0.39 day. Dieting to lose weight reduced bleed length by 0.43 day. Women who did no moderate or hard exercise bled about a quarter of a day longer than women at the median level of physical activity.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A study population with either a low or high exposure prevalence usually results in a less efficient study, compared with a study on a population with an intermediate exposure prevalence. We discuss a strategy for improving efficiency when exposure is rare: one can include in the study base, for each individual, only follow-up corresponding to a potential exposure-associated increase in risk. This strategy is achieved by choosing so-calledpre inclusionandpreexclusionperiods, which, in turn, follow from relevant induction time assumptions.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We assessed the repeatability of interview-derived information on age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners in women participating in an ongoing prospective study of genital human papillomavirus infection in Toronto, Canada. Of the 100 study participants invited to attend for re-interview twice during their first year in the study, 74 attended for the first follow-up interview about 5 months after recruitment, and 28 of these 74 subjects attended for a second interview about 4 months later. For both age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners, intraclass correlation coefficients were high, ranging from 0.94 to 0.98. Repeatability differed a little by human papillomavirus status, but not by levels of other relevant factors.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To determine whether academic physicians' response rates to a mail survey depend on the envelope used to mail the survey, we randomized 901 internists affiliated with a university department of medicine to receive a survey in either a university envelope or a Veterans Affairs envelope. The response rate among those receiving the Veterans Affairs envelope (41%) was 20% higher than the response rate among those receiving the university envelope (34%). We conclude that the packaging of a mail survey can influence the response rate.

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID