ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The long-term health effects of human exposure to polybrominated biphenyls are not known. In this nested case-control study, we evaluated the association between site-specific cancer risk and serum polybrominated biphenyl levels among a Michigan cohort accidentally exposed to polybrominated biphenyls in 1973. The Michigan Department of Public Health has followed 3,899 people through 1993, among whom 195 primary cancers were identified in 187 persons. Controls were 696 randomly selected cancer-free individuals who were frequency matched to cases by sex and age (in 5-year strata). Baseline serum polybrominated biphenyl levels were measured using standard methods. We found an increasing dose-response relation for digestive system cancer risk with higher serum polybrominated biphenyl category [4–20 parts per billion (ppb), 21–50 ppb, and >50 ppb] after adjustment for age, family cancer history, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and baseline serum polychlorinated biphenyl level. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for each category were 8.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27–53.3], 12.3 (95% CI = 0.80–191), and 22.9 (95% CI = 1.34–392), respectively. Univariate analysis for polybrominated biphenyl level and lymphoma risk also showed a dose-response relation, with corresponding ORs of 3.24 (95% CI = 0.24–95.9), 20.5 (95% CI = 1.51–608), and 32.6 (95% CI = 3.33–861). (Epidemiology 1998;9:373–378)

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Using the decomposition method and national data for the year 1990, we examined gender and age differences in involvement rates in fatal motor vehicle crashes. The fatal crash involvement rate per driver is expressed as a multiplicative function of the crash fatality rate (defined as the proportion of fatal crashes involved among all crashes involved), crash incidence density (that is, number of crashes per million person-miles), and exposure prevalence (that is, annual average miles driven per driver). The fatal crash involvement rate per 10,000 drivers for men was three times that for women (5.3vs1.7) and was highest among teenagers. Of the male-female discrepancy in the fatal crash involvement rates, 51% was attributable to the difference between sexes in crash fatality rates, 41% to the difference in exposure prevalence, and 8% to the difference in crash incidence density. Age-related variations in the fatal crash involvement rates resulted primarily from the differences in crash incidence density. The results indicate that, despite-having lower fatal crash involvement rates, female drivers – do not seem to be safer than their male counterparts when exposure is considered. The decomposition method is valuable as both a conceptual framework and an exploratory tool for understanding the contributing factors related to cause-specific injury mortality and the differences in death rates among populations. (Epidemiology 1998;9:379–384)

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We examined the associations of colon cancer with constipation and use of commercial laxatives in a case-control study among men and women ages 30–62 years. We based this analysis on 424 incident cases of colon cancer, diagnosed in the Seattle metropolitan area between 1985 and 1989, and 414 random-digit-dial controls. Frequent constipation during the 10 years before the reference date (2 years before diagnosis), as defined by “feeling constipated to the point of having to take something,” was associated with substantially increased risk of colon cancer. The adjusted relative risk (RR) was 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–3.6] for constipation 12–51 times per year, and 4.4 (95% CI = 2.1–8.9) for constipation 52 or more times a year. Cumulative lifetime use of commercial laxatives was also associated with increased risk of colon cancer. When constipation and commercial laxative use were adjusted for each other, the association with commercial laxative use disappeared, whereas the association with constipation remained strong. Although constipation has not consistently been associated in past studies with a large increase in risk of colon and rectal cancer combined, these results suggest that frequent constipation may be an important risk factor for colon cancer among middle-aged adults. (Epidemiology 1998; 9:385–391)

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We conducted a case-control study to test the hypothesis that residential magnetic field exposures increase the incidence of breast cancer. The study was based on people who had lived within 300 m of 220− or 400-kV power lines in Sweden at any time between 1960 and 1985. We identified 699 cases of breast cancer in women and 9 cases in men. One matched control per female case and eight per male case were selected at random. Estrogen receptor information was available for a subset of female cases. We assessed magnetic field exposure through calculations of the magnetic fields generated by the power lines before diagnosis. For calculated magnetic field levels ≥0.2 microtesla (μT) closest in time before diagnosis, we estimated the relative risk to be 1.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.7–1.5] for women and 2.1 (95% CI = 0.3–14.1) for men. Women younger than 50 years of age at diagnosis had a relative risk of 1.8 (95% CI = 0.7–4.3). For women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, the relative risk was estimated at 1.6 (95% CI = 0.6–4.1), using the exposure cutoff point ≥0.1 μT. Among estrogen receptor-positive women younger than 50 years at diagnosis, the relative risk increased to 7.4 (95% CI = 1.0–178.1). (Epidemiology 1998; 9:392–397)

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Several recent reports indicate that occupational exposure to electric and magnetic fields may be associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. To address that hypothesis, we analyzed data from a cohort study of electric utility workers. We examined exposure to magnetic fields, assessed as duration of work in exposed jobs and through an index of cumulative exposure based on magnetic field measurements, in relation to mortality from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, considering both underlying and all mentioned causes of death. Adjusted mortality rate ratios based on Poisson regression models indicate no association between magnetic fields and Parkinson's disease and little support for an association with Alzheimer's disease mortality. Mortality from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was positively associated with duration of work in exposed jobs [rate ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.7–6.0; and rate ratio = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.0–9.8, based on underlying cause for 5− < 20 years and ≥20 yearsvs< 5 years, respectively], as well as with cumulative magnetic field exposure with a ≥20-year lag (rate ratio = 2.3, 95% CI = 0.8–6.6; and rate ratio = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.0–9.2, for exposure in the middle and upper intervals relative to the lowest interval, respectively). (Epidemiology 1998;9:398–404)

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In this paper, we present results from the SAPALDIA study (Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults) regarding associations between lung function [forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)], as assessed during the cross-sectional study in 1991, and average levels of NO2exposure within the eight study communities. We distinguished average home outdoor exposure and average personal exposure to NO2and obtained exposure estimates by computing regional averages of passive sampler measurements performed by a random subsample of SAPALDIA participants in 1993. Previous analyses had revealed associations between average lung function and average air pollution levels between communities. The present results show that such associations may also be seen within communities: a 10-μg per m3increase in average home outdoor and personal exposure to NO2between zones of residence of the same community was associated with a change in average FVC by −0.59% [95% confidence limits (CL) = 0.01, −1.19] and −0.74% (95% CL = −0.07, −1.41), respectively. These values, however, are smaller than the ones found for the corresponding associations between study communities: −1.67% (95% CL = −1.01, −2.33) and −2.93% (95% CL = −2.11, −3.75), respectively. The different magnitudes of these two types of associations might be explained by differences in spatial variation between various components of air pollution. (Epidemiology 1998;9:405–411)

ISSN:1044-3983    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID